Haruko Ando (Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan) and colleagues have published in the journal Pacific Science on possible gene flow caused by dispersal between populations of the Black-Footed Albatross Phoebastria nigripes.

The paper’s abstract follows:

“The Black-Footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) breeds in two remote regions, approximately 4,000 km apart, in the North Pacific.  The population in the central North Pacific region (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands), which contains >95% of the total population, is currently stable, although concerns exist about future declines.  In contrast, the population in the western North Pacific (Izu and Ogasawara Islands in Japan) is rapidly increasing, and the breeding areas are expanding.  To estimate possible gene flow caused by dispersal between populations, we performed genetic analysis on six colonies of Black-Footed Albatross using 10 microsatellite markers.  The central and western North Pacific populations were genetically differentiated.  However, an estimation of migrants per generation indicated directional dispersal from the western to the central North Pacific.  In particular, the population on Kure Atoll, the westernmost atoll in the Hawaiian Islands in the central North Pacific, exhibited weak genetic differentiation from the western North Pacific populations, suggesting frequent immigration from the western North Pacific.  The recent expansion of the western North Pacific population may be due to an increase in returning individuals, which may be caused by increased breeding success rates and/or survival rates.  Range-wide and long-term monitoring of the Black-Footed Albatross population using genetic markers may help to uncover dispersal dynamics of this highly mobile but philopatric albatross species and to make appropriate conservation decisions in light of environmental changes.”

Black-footed Albatross, photograph by James Lloyd

Reference:

Ando, H., Young, L., Naughton, M., Suzuki, H., Deguchi, T. & Isagi, Y. 2014.  Predominance of unbalanced gene flow from western to central North Pacific colonies of the Black-Footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes).  Pacific Science 68: 309-319.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 26 July 2014

BirdLife International has this week released its taxonomic review of the World’s non-passerine birds, including seabirds, on behalf of the World Conservation Union’s Red Data List (click here). This gives an opportunity to assess the current conservation status of the 30 ACAP-listed species.

All of the World’s 22 species of albatrosses remain threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable) or Near Threatened in the new listing; none is categorized as Least Concern (click here).

Waved Albatross: still Critically Endangered, photograph by Kate Huyveart

A similar situation exists for the five species of Procellaria Petrels with four categorized as Vulnerable and only one, the Grey Petrel P. cinerea, being accorded the status of Near Threatened (although recategorization as Vulnerable has been proposed for this species).  In contrast, the two giant petrels Macronectes spp., remain as Least Concern.  The 30th ACAP-listed species, the Balearic Shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus, continues to be Critically Endangered (click here).

Two species of shearwaters that have been proposed for ACAP listing retain their threatened status: the Pink-footed Shearwater P. creatopus of Chile (Vulnerable) and the Yelkouan Shearwater P. yelkouan of the Mediterranean (Vulnerable).

The 2014  listing includes some “new” species of seabirds due to taxonomic splitting, such as the Desertas Petrel Pterodroma deserta of the Macaronesian Island of Bugio, coming in as Vulnerable.  However, other newly-described or recognized species, such as Bryan’s Shearwater Puffinus bryani and the Pincoya Storm Petrel Oceanites pincoyae have not as yet been included on BirdLife’s RDB list.

ADDED NOTE:

Bryan's Shearwater does appear on the IUCN official list (2014.2) as Critically Endangered (click here). The Pincoya Petrel appears as Data Deficient (click here).

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 25 July 2014

A number of ACAP-listed albatross and petrel species visits Namibian waters in the south-east Atlantic, including the Critically Endangered Tristan Albatross Diomedea dabbenena from Gough Island (click here).

Tristan Albatross, photograph by Katrine Herian

These visitors are at risk to Namibian trawl and longline fisheries as recently reported by BirdLife International’s Albatross Task Force: “[i]n Namibian waters alone, more than 30,000 seabirds are drowned every year due to long-line and trawl fishing, making these fisheries some of the most destructive in the world (click here).

BirdLife also reports that the problem is now being addressed by the voluntary use of bird-scaring (tori) lines.  These lines are being constructed by a group of five women in Walvis Bay, known as Meme Itumbapo, bringing needed employment.

Twin bird-scaring lines deployed behind a southern African trawler

Photograph by Barry Watkins

“A total of 13 trawlers (about 15% of the trawl fleet in Namibia) have [sic] now purchased tori lines for voluntary use on their vessels, as well as 3 demersal long-line vessels (about 25% of the fleet).  Steel weights that keep hooks out of the reach of albatrosses - funded by a Lucile and Packard Foundation project - are now in production for the longline fleet.”

Namibia drafted a National Plan of Action for Reducing the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries (NPOA-Seabirds) following Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) guidelines (IPOA-Seabirds) over the period 2003-2007 but it has, as yet, not been formally adopted.

Namibia is not a Party to the Albatross and Petrel Agreement but has sent observers to its meetings in the past.

Click here for a related story in ACAP Latest News on Namibian use of bird-scaring lines.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 24 July 2014

The 10th Regular Session of the Scientific Committee of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC-SC10) will meet in Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands from 6 to 14 August.  ACAP’s Executive Secretary, Warren Papworth will attend the meeting where a discussion is expected on the report (EB-GN-03) of a working group on electronic reporting and monitoring.

Under its Ecosystems and Bycatch Mitigation Theme the WCPFC Scientific Committee will also consider paper EB-IP-01 (previously published in the on-line journal PLoS One) by Eric Gilman and colleagues on the subject of mitigating seabird bycatch during hauling by pelagic longline vessels.

Another paper, authored by the National Research Institute of Far Sea Fisheries, addresses the utilization of mitigation techniques to reduce seabird bycatch in Japanese small-sized longline vessels (EB-WP-07).  The paper’s abstract follows:

“To discuss effective and suitable seabird bycatch mitigation measures for small sized longline vessels (< 20 tonnage), information of utilization of seabird mitigation techniques voluntarily used in seventeen vessels were collected from a hearing [sic] survey.  In all vessels fishermen used tori-line (bird-scaring line) and they deployed three types of tori-lines (with streamers, without streamers and direct connection of long streamers on poles).  Many fishermen concerned entanglement tori-line materials with main line of longline in the rough sea hence attachment of streamers on tori-lines for small vessels should be carefully considered.  In order to attain effective sink rate for branch line, seven vessels (41%) used weighed branch line and five vessels (29%) used fluorocarbon for branch line.  In addition, this some vessels tried strategic offal discharge to put seabird assemblage away from line setting area.  These information are useful to develop suitable mitigation techniques in small sized longline vessels.  Some of measures introduced in that fishery are worth to examine for effectiveness.”

A third paper (EB-WP-06) from the National Taiwan Ocean University reports on seabird (including albatross) and sea turtle bycatch by Taiwanese tuna longline fleets in the Pacific Ocean.

A fourth paper (EB-IP-10) from the USA considers seabird interaction rates in the Hawaii‐based shallow and deep‐set longline fisheries by vessel size as estimated from observer data over the period 2004 to 2013.

Click here to access an earlier report in ACAP Latest News on e-monitoring by the WCPFC.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 23 July 2014