Elizabeth Kain (Kauai Endangered Seabird Recovery Project, Hawaii, USA) and colleagues have published in the journal Environmental Science and Pollution on increasing plastic pollutant levels in two Hawaiian shearwaters.

The paper’s abstract follows:

“The ingestion of plastic by seabirds has been used as an indicator of pollution in the marine environment.  On Kaua‘i, HI, USA, 50.0 % of Newell’s (Puffinus newelli) and 76.9 % of wedge-tailed shearwater (Ardenna pacifica) fledglings necropsied during 2007–2014 contained plastic items in their digestive tract, while 42.1 % of adult wedge-tailed shearwaters had ingested plastic.  For both species, the frequency of plastic ingestion has increased since the 1980s with some evidence that the mass and the number of items ingested per bird have also increased.  The color of plastic ingested by the shearwaters was assessed relative to beach-washed plastics by using Jaccard’s index (where J = 1 complete similarity).  The color (J = 0.65–0.68) of items ingested by both species, and the type ingested by wedge-tailed shearwaters (J = 0.85–0.87), overlapped with plastic available in the local environment indicating moderate selection for plastic color and type.  This study has shown that the Hawaiian populations of shearwaters, like many seabird species, provide useful but worrying insights into plastic pollution and the health of our oceans.”

Newell's Shearwater, photograph by Eric Vanderwerf

Reference:

Kain, E.C., Lavers, J.L., Berg, C.J., Raine, A.F. & Bond, A.L. 2016.  Plastic ingestion by Newell’s (Puffinus newelli) and wedge-tailed shearwaters (Ardenna pacifica) in Hawaii.  Environmental Science and Pollution Research  doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7613-1.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 22 September 2016

The Operations Advisor for the Gough Island Restoration Programme, Keith Springer, is currently on Gough Island.  The programme aims to eradicate the island’s “killer” House Mice Mus musculus that are killing many of the island’s seabirds by aerial bait drop from helicopters in 2019.  As regularly reported in ACAP Latest News the Gough mice are leading the ACAP-listed and Critically Endangered Tristan Albatross Diomedea dabbenena to extinction by killing downy chicks every winter, leading to an unsustainably low breeding success (click here).

Tristan Albatross chick attacked on the neck by Gough's House Mice, photograph by Peter Ryan

Keith is accompanying the South African annual relief of its weather station on the island, having travelled on South Africa’s Antarctic research and supply ship, the S.A. Agulhas II earlier this month.  In his blog he writes:

“Firstly, the preparation of applications for various relevant approvals to do the work must be done.  Secondly, operational planning needs to be robust, and based on undertaking actions and using methodologies that maximise the chance of successful eradication.  Finally, there is an enormous amount of detailed logistical planning to be done.  Gough is around 2,800 km from Cape Town, the closest city, so once on the island you can’t go back if you forget anything.  Everything down to the last shackle, tent peg and drum of fuel has to be thought through and bought as the whole operation depends on having the right gear to do the job, plus of course enough spares for unforeseen events.  It is this level of detailed planning and procurement that takes much of the time.”

Future reports will detail Keith’s experiences ashore.

With thanks to John Kelly.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 21 September 2016

“Marine ecosystems provide a wealth of benefits to humanity and the planet, including the provision of livelihoods and food security.  Biological diversity underpins ecosystem functioning and the provisioning of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.  The oceans, and the life therein, are critical to the healthy functioning of the planet.”

ACAP’s Executive Secretary, Marco Favero, will be attending a meeting later this month with the title “Sustainable Ocean Initiative (SOI) Global Dialogue with Regional Seas Organizations and Regional Fisheries Bodies on Accelerating Progress Towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets”.  The meeting is being organized by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and will take place over 26-29 September in The Palace Hotel Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

The goal of the meeting is to explore opportunities for strengthening collaboration at the regional scale to accelerate progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, in particular Targets 6, 10 and 11, and relevant Sustainable Development Goals, in particular goal 14.

Specific objectives are:

• To enhance sharing of scientific information between regional seas organizations and regional fisheries bodies, such as information related to ecologically or biologically significant marine areas (EBSAs) and vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs), as well as the information in the Ocean Biogeographic Information System, regionally owned data/information, and/or information regarding impacts on marine biodiversity and living resources;

• To exchange experiences and expertise in regionally applying available tools and approaches in the conservation and sustainable use of marine living resources and ecosystems (e.g., ecosystem approaches, impact assessments, area-based management tools);

• To exchange knowledge and experiences on the development and application of regional-scale indicators in support of the objectives of the respective regional organizations/bodies, which can provide inputs to measuring progress in achieving the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and Sustainable Development Goals;

• To identify lessons learned regarding ways of cooperation between regional seas organizations (RSOs) and regional fisheries bodies (RFBs), including sharing successful examples where national-level cross-sectoral cooperation has led to regional level cross-sectoral cooperation and vice versa.

Black-browed Albatrosses at sea, photograph by Kolette Grobler

Click here for the meeting documents.

A meeting report will be prepared and submitted, as information, to the 13th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention in December 2016.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 20 September 2016

Members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Conservation Congress have voted last week in Hawaii, USA to support increasing the portion of the World’s seas that is highly protected to at least 30 percent to help conserve biodiversity.  More high-seas Marine Protected Areas should help ACAP-listed albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters.

Sooty Albatross, a high-seas forager; photograph by Ross Wanless

A news report from the Pew Charitable Trusts follows:

“The World Conservation Congress, taking place Sept. 1-10 in Honolulu, has brought together thousands of leaders, government decision-makers, island residents, and indigenous peoples from around the world to seek solutions to global environmental challenges. The conference is hosted by the IUCN every four years.

The passing of this motion is a milestone for marine conservation and underscores the need to create more marine protected areas around the world to combat increasing threats from overfishing, marine debris, pollution, and other human activities.  Adopted IUCN motions show broad international support for issues by governments, nongovernmental organizations, and scientists and often lead to conservation advancements by countries and international decision-making bodies.

Scientific research strongly supports the notion that safeguarding at least 30 percent of the ocean in marine protected areas or reserves would conserve biodiversity, support fisheries productivity, and sustain the myriad economic, cultural, and life-supporting benefits of healthy seas.

Research also shows that marine reserves help rebuild species abundance and diversity, bolster the ocean’s resilience to climate change, and help maintain and improve the overall health of the marine environment.  A 2014 study found that marine protected areas yield the greatest benefits when they are large, no-take, isolated, well-enforced, and long-standing.

The creation of marine reserves within national waters has doubled the amount of ocean protected since 2006, but it will be difficult to achieve the IUCN-recommended 30 percent level without protecting vast areas of the high seas—those waters beyond national jurisdictions. These global commons—areas used freely by all but owned by no one—make up 64 percent of the ocean.

In 2015, the U.N. General Assembly took a step to improve high seas management by agreeing to begin negotiations on a treaty that would allow greater conservation and sustainable use of marine life on the high seas.  Discussions at the U.N. began in March 2016, with the second round of meetings occurring Aug. 26 to Sept. 9, 2016. If governments can keep on track, the new treaty could be adopted by 2020.

Protecting at least 30 percent of the ocean through creation of fully protected marine reserves is essential to meeting a broad range of environmental and management goals.”

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 19 September 2016