The Sub-Committee on Ecosystems of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) is meeting intersessionally this week at the commission’s headquarters in Madrid, Spain (click here).

Among other matters up for discussion at the meeting is the initiation of a review of the efficiency of seabird by-catch methods as set out in ICCAT Recommendation 11.09 “Supplemental Recommendation by ICCAT on Reducing Incidental Bycatch of Seabirds in ICCAT Longline Fisheries”. This recommendation lists line-weighting, use of bird-scaring lines and night setting with minimum deck lighting as mitigation measures.

A deployed bird-scaring line, photograph by Vero Cortes

ACAP is being represented at the meeting by Anton Wolfaardt, Convenor, of its Seabird Bycatch Working Group.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 11 June 2015

A Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli (named “Gazza” and likely to be a juvenile by its all-brown plumage) under rehabilitation by the NGO Australian Seabird Rescue in Ballina, New South Wales was recently found to have regurgitated parts of a balloon over a period of several days in its cage.  Along with the balloon fragments the bird also regurgitated a piece of hard plastic and fishing line. The bird was collected from a beach “suffering from exhaustion” late last month.  Following an X-ray, "Gazza" has now been pronounced balloon-free.

“Gazza” and the regurgitated balloon fragments, photographs courtesy of Australian Seabird Rescue

Ingestion of latex balloons is a well-known conservation issue for marine turtles, which apparently mistake ruptured balloons at sea for jellyfish, their natural food, leading to blocked guts and death by starvation (click here).

However, ingestion of balloons by procellariiform seabirds is less well known.  Remains of latex balloons were found in 1-2% of the stomachs of Arctic or Northern Fulmars Fulmarus glacialis beached in the North Sea in a study published in 2008 by Jan van Franeker, and as reported by him to ACAP Latest News. (click here).  Dvaid Ainley and colleagues have reported what they thought to be rubber from a meteoreological balloon in an Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica.

In 2006, Australian Seabird Rescue successfully removed a balloon and its attached ribbon that had been swallowed by a Southern Giant Petrel M. giganteus under care (click here).

The orange balloon and ribbon removed from a Southern Giant Petrel in 2006, photograph courtesy of Australian Seabird Rescue

Balloons have been reported ingested by or entangled with Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris and Black-footed Phoebastria nigripes Albatrosses.  The latter species has also been photographed investigating a floating balloon at sea.  Click here for an earlier story on “balloon pollution” in ACAP Latest News.

Black-footed Albatross entangled with a balloon

A balloon ribbon tape attached to a balloon was found inside the gut of a juvenile Black-browed Albatross

Black-footed Albatross encounters a floating balloon

Click here to read more about the conservation issues of releasing lighter-than-air balloons.

With thanks to Peter Ryan and Jan van Franeker for information.

References:

Ainley, D.G., Fraser, W.R. & Spear, L.B. 1990. The incidence of plastic in the diets of Antarctic seabirds, in: Shomura, R.S. & Godfrey, M.L. 1990.  Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris 2-7 April 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii, Vol. 1. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SWFSC(154). pp. 682-691.

van Franeker J.A. 2008.  Ballonnen in zee.  Sula 21(1): 44-46.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 10 June 2015, updated 11 June 2015

Airam Rodríguez (Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Seville, Spain) and colleagues have published in the Journal of Ornithology on the effects of light pollution on fledging procellariiform species in the Balearic Islands.

The paper’s abstract follows:

“Petrels are among the most threatened group of birds.  On top of facing predation by introduced mammals and incidental bycatch, these seabirds have to deal with an emerging threat, light pollution, which is increasing globally.  Fledglings are disoriented and attracted to artificial lights in their maiden night flights from their nests to the sea.  Once grounded, they are exposed to multiple threats leading to high mortality.  We report on numbers of three petrel species (Balearic shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus, Scopoli’s shearwater Calonectris diomedea, and European storm-petrel Hydrobates pelagicus) rescued on the Balearic Islands, Mediterranean Sea, in the period 1999–2013. We assessed the proportion of grounded fledglings in the population and colonies impact based on radiance levels measured from a nocturnal satellite image. We also calculated the radius of light pollution impact. At least 304 fledgling birds were found stranded due to attraction to artificial lights, fatally affecting 8.5 % of them. The proportion of grounded fledglings ranged between 0.13 and 0.56 % of the fledglings produced annually. The body mass of Balearic and Scopoli’s shearwater fledglings decreased with rescue date. Light-induced mortality increased during the fledging period for Scopoli’s shearwaters. Birds were rescued at a mean distance of 4833 m from the nearest colony, and between 30 and 47 % of colonies were exposed to light-polluted areas. Although impact seems to be low for all species, urban development and, consequently, the increase in light pollution in the proximity of the colonies should be taken into account to reduce as much as possible this emerging source of mortality.”

Balearic Shearwater at sea, photograph by Beneharo Rodríguez

Cory's Shearwater fledgling downed by light pollution, photograph by Beneharo Rodríguez

With thanks to Airam Rodríguez for information.

Reference:

Rodríguez, A., García, D., Rodríguez, B., Cardona, E., Parpal, L. & Pons, P. 2015.  Artificial lights and seabirds: is light pollution a threat for the threatened Balearic petrels?  Journal of Ornithology DOI 10.1007/s10336-015-1232-3.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 09 June 2015

Airam Rodríguez (Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Seville, Spain) and colleagues have published in the on-line and open-access journal Scientific Reports on the effects of light pollution on fledging Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea.

The paper’s abstract follows:

“Light pollution and its consequences on ecosystems are increasing worldwide.  Knowledge on the threshold levels of light pollution at which significant ecological impacts emerge and the size of dark refuges to maintain natural nocturnal processes is crucial to mitigate its negative consequences.  Seabird fledglings are attracted by artificial lights when they leave their nest at night, causing high mortality.  We used GPS data-loggers to track the flights of Cory’s shearwater Calonectris diomedea fledglings from nest-burrows to ground, and to evaluate the light pollution levels of overflown areas on Tenerife, Canary Islands, using nocturnal, high-resolution satellite imagery.  Birds were grounded at locations closer than 16 km from colonies in their maiden flights, and 50% were rescued within a 3 km radius from the nest-site.  Most birds left the nests in the first three hours after sunset.  Rescue locations showed radiance values greater than colonies, and flight distance was positively related to light pollution levels.  Breeding habitat alteration by light pollution was more severe for inland colonies.  We provide scientific-based information to manage dark refuges facilitating that fledglings from inland colonies reach the sea successfully.  We also offer methodological approaches useful for other critically threatened petrel species grounded by light pollution.”

Cory's Shearwater fledgling downed by light pollution, photograph by Beneharo Rodríguez

Reference:

Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, B. & Negro, J.J. 2015.  GPS tracking for mapping seabird mortality induced by light pollution.  Scientific Reports 5: 10670.  doi:10.1038/srep10670.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 08 June 2015