Michelle Reynolds (Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai’i National Park, Hawaii, USA) and colleagues have published in the journal Ecology and Evolution on the effects of the Japanese tsunami of March 2011 on Laysan Albatrosses Phoebastria immutabilis and other procellariiforms breeding on atolls within the North-Western Hawaiian Islands (click here).

The paper’s abstract follows:

“Earthquake-generated tsunamis threaten coastal areas and low-lying islands with sudden flooding. Although human hazards and infrastructure damage have been well documented for tsunamis in recent decades, the effects on wildlife communities rarely have been quantified. We describe a tsunami that hit the world's largest remaining tropical seabird rookery and estimate the effects of sudden flooding on 23 bird species nesting on Pacific islands more than 3,800 km from the epicenter. We used global positioning systems, tide gauge data, and satellite imagery to quantify characteristics of the Tōhoku earthquake-generated tsunami (11 March 2011) and its inundation extent across four Hawaiian Islands. We estimated short-term effects of sudden flooding to bird communities using spatially explicit data from Midway Atoll and Laysan Island, Hawai'i. We describe variation in species vulnerability based on breeding phenology, nesting habitat, and life history traits. The tsunami inundated 21%–100% of each island's area at Midway Atoll and Laysan Island. Procellariformes (albatrosses and petrels) chick and egg losses exceeded 258,500 at Midway Atoll while albatross chick losses at Laysan Island exceeded 21,400. The tsunami struck at night and during the peak of nesting for 14 colonial seabird species. Strongly philopatric Procellariformes [sic] were vulnerable to the tsunami. Nonmigratory, endemic, endangered Laysan Teal (Anas laysanensis) were sensitive to ecosystem effects such as habitat changes and carcass-initiated epizootics of avian botulism, and its populations declined approximately 40% on both atolls post-tsunami. Catastrophic flooding of Pacific islands occurs periodically not only from tsunamis, but also from storm surge and rainfall; with sea-level rise, the frequency of sudden flooding events will likely increase. As invasive predators occupy habitat on higher elevation Hawaiian Islands and globally important avian populations are concentrated on low-lying islands, additional conservation strategies may be warranted to increase resilience of island biodiversity encountering tsunamis and rising sea levels.”

Black-footed and Laysan Albatrosses breeding on a low-lying atoll

Reference:

Reynolds, M.H., Berkowitz, P., Klavitter, J.L. & Courtot, K.N. 2017.  Lessons from the Tōhoku tsunami: a model for island avifauna conservation prioritization.  Ecology and Evolution DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3092. 

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 07 July 2017

William Sydeman (Farallon Institute, Petaluma, CA, USA) and (many) colleagues have reviewed best practices for studying competition between forage fisheries and seabirds in the journal Fisheries Research.

The paper’s abstract follows:

Worldwide, in recent years capture fisheries targeting lower-trophic level forage fish and euphausiid crustaceans have been substantial (∼20 million metric tons [MT] annually). Landings of forage species are projected to increase in the future, and this harvest may affect marine ecosystems and predator-prey interactions by removal or redistribution of biomass central to pelagic food webs. In particular, fisheries targeting forage fish and euphausiids may be in competition with seabirds, likely the most sensitive of marine vertebrates given limitations in their foraging abilities (ambit and gape size) and high metabolic rate, for food resources. Lately, apparent competition between fisheries and seabirds has led to numerous high-profile conflicts over interpretations, as well as the approaches that could and should be used to assess the magnitude and consequences of fisheries-seabird resource competition. In this paper, we review the methods used to date to study fisheries competition with seabirds, and present “best practices” for future resource competition assessments. Documenting current fisheries competition with seabirds generally involves addressing two major issues: 1) are fisheries causing localized prey depletion that is sufficient to affect the birds? (i.e., are fisheries limiting food resources?), and 2) how are fisheries-induced changes to forage stocks affecting seabird populations given the associated functional or numerical response relationships? Previous studies have been hampered by mismatches in the scale of fisheries, fish, and seabird data, and a lack of causal understanding due to confounding by climatic and other ecosystem factors (e.g., removal of predatory fish). Best practices for fisheries-seabird competition research should include i) clear articulation of hypotheses, ii) data collection (or summation) of fisheries, fish, and seabirds on matched spatio-temporal scales, and iii) integration of observational and experimental (including numerical simulation) approaches to establish connections and causality between fisheries and seabirds. As no single technique can provide all the answers to this vexing issue, an integrated approach is most promising to obtain robust scientific results and in turn the sustainability of forage fish fisheries from an ecosystem perspective.”

Black-browed  Albatrosses consume euphausiids

Reference:

Sydeman, W.J. et al. 2017.  Best practices for assessing forage fish fisheries-seabird resource competition.  Fisheries Research 194: 209-221.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 06 July 2017

BirdLife International and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) have published a booklet that “presents some of the remarkable efforts fisheries have made on a global scale to tackle seabird bycatch” (click here).

“These stories demonstrate that collaboration between fishers, scientists and decision makers can lead to practical solutions that will ultimately turn the tide for many of these seabird species.  This booklet is a resource for the fishing industry to inform them of the measures they can take to avoid seabird deaths, and to inspire them to take action to improve the sustainability of global fisheries.”

The 21-page booklet covers successes in Namibia and South Africa deploying bird-scaring lines on longliners and trawlers, as well as news from Argentina, Chile, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Peru and the United Kingdom.

Black-browed Albatrosses: at risk in South American and southern African waters

With thanks to Stephanie Winnard, Albatross Task Force.

Click here to download the booklet.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 05 July 2017

“Do you have a passion for marine conservation? Do you have strong knowledge of fisheries interactions with seabirds, marine mammals, sharks and turtles? We are looking for a new member of the BirdLife Marine Programme team, hosted by the RSPB, to examine the effectiveness of a leading fisheries sustainability certification scheme in assessing and tackling impacts on populations of these species.

You will carry out a review of non-target species bycatch (covering seabirds, turtles, marine mammals and sharks) in the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification process, particularly considering changes before and after the renewal of their fisheries standard in 2014. The review will examine the performance of case study fisheries against the bycatch-relevant 'performance indicators' of the MSC standard, and will investigate the effectiveness of any improvements fisheries have been required to make as part of their certification. You will explore the key factors that have driven successful and unsuccessful implementation of these improvements, and make recommendations based on your findings. The postholder will also have an important role in communicating the outputs of the review with key stakeholders.

The review will be guided by a Steering Group of relevant bycatch taxon experts from conservation NGOs and academic institutions, including key BirdLife staff and at least three external advisors.

This is an exciting opportunity to inform the development of a global seafood sustainability standard, to connect with marine conservation experts and to join a dynamic team that has worked to reduce seabird bycatch in fisheries for over a decade.”

Grey-headed Albatrosses are at risk to longlining, photograph by Kirk Zufelt

The closing date is 6 August 2017; read more here.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 04 July 2017