--- title: "Management Plans" --- # Management Plans **CURRENTLY THIS MANAGEMENT PLANS SECTION IS UNDER UPDATE AND REDESIGN** A list follows of management plans, species action plans, red data books, Word Heritage and Ramsar site descriptions, National Plans of Action - Seabirds, Marine Protected Areas and site visitor guidelines) that consider aspects of the biology and conservation of seabirds and their habitats.  Please note that any titles that have been reviewed in [ACAP Latest News](https://www.acap.aq/news/latest-news) are linked to the review.   ![](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Posters_Books/Red_Data_Book_cover.jpg)   ## UPDATED National Plans of Action - Seabirds **Introduction** The International Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries ([IPOA-Seabirds](http://www.fao.org/fishery/ipoa-seabirds/about/en)) was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ([FAO](http://www.fao.org/home/en/)) in 1998. The plan encourages all FAO member countries to implement their own National Plans of Action (NPOA-Seabirds).  In terms of the IPOA-Seabirds, countries first assess the seabird by-catch problem within their fisheries and/or within their coastal waters.  If a bycatch problem is found to exist, each country should then develop and implement its own National Plan of Action ([NPOA-Seabirds](http://www.fao.org/fishery/ipoa-seabirds/npoa/en)), based on the recommendations listed in the IPOA-Seabirds. A list of the latest versions of formally adopted NPOA-Seabirds and of equivalent and related documents follows. **Reference:** Good, S.D., Baker, G.B., Gummery, M., Votier, S.C. & Phillips, R.A. 2020.  National Plans of Action (NPOAs) for reducing seabird bycatch: developing best practice for assessing and managing fisheries impacts.  [*Biological Conservation*  Vol. 247.  doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108592](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320719314545). ![South Africa 2008](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Posters_Books/South_Africa_2008.jpg) ![pan planacap capa](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Posters_Books/pan-planacap-capa.jpg)   ![aves](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Posters_Books/aves.jpg) **FAO Documents** Brothers, N.P., Cooper, J. & Løkkeborg, S. 1999.  The Incidental Catch of Seabirds by Longline Fisheries: Worldwide Review and Technical Guidelines for Mitigation.  [*FAO Fisheries Circular* No. 937](https://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/005/w9817e/W9817e00.pdf).  101 pp. FAO 1999.  [*International Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries.  International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks.*](https://acap.aq/ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/x3170e/X3170E00.pdf)  International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity. Rome:  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.  26 pp. Løkkeborg, S. & Thiele, W. 2004.  Report of the FAO/Birdlife South American Workshop on Implementation of NPOA–Seabirds and Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels.  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Valdivia, Chile, 2–6 December 2003.  [*FAO Fisheries Report* No. 751](http://www.fao.org/3/y5742e/y5742e00.htm).  32 pp. FAO 2008.  Report of the Expert Consultation on Best Practice Technical Guidelines for IPOA/NPOA–Seabirds Bergen, Norway, 2–5 September 2008.  [*FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report* No. 880](http://www.fao.org/3/i0459e/i0459e00.htm).  37 pp. FAO 2009.  [Best Practices to Reduce Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Capture Fisheries](http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1145e.pdf).  Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.  49 pp. FAO. 2014. Progress in the Implementation of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and Related Instruments. Committee on Fisheries (COFI) 31st Session. Rome: FAO. [COFI/2014/Inf.15/Rev.1](http://www.fao.org/fi/static-media/MeetingDocuments/COFI/COFI_31/default.htm). **Argentina** Consejo Federal Pesquero 2010.  [Plan Nacional Para Reducir la Interacción de Aves con Pesquerías en la República Argentina 2010 [+ supplementary information 2012-2019]](https://www.magyp.gob.ar/sitio/areas/pesca_maritima/plan/PAN-AVES/index.php).  139 pp. **Australia** Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 2018.  *[National Plan of Action for Minimising Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries](https://www.agriculture.gov.au/fisheries/environment/bycatch/seabirds)*.  Canberra: Department of Agriculture and Water Resources.  42 pp. Commonwealth of Australia, 2018. [*Threat Abatement Plan for the Incidental Catch (or Bycatch) of Seabirds during Oceanic Longline Fishing Operations (2018)*](https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/environment/plants-and-animals/threat-abatement-plan-seabirds/).  Canberra: Department of the Environment and Energy. 25 pp. **Brazil** Neves, T., Olmos, F., Peppes, F. & Mohr, L.V. 2006.  [National Plan of Action for the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels](http://www.fao.org/fishery/ipoa-seabirds/publications/en) (NPOA-Seabirds Brazil).  *Threatened Species Series* No. 2.  Brasilia: Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Renewable Resources.  122 pp.  ICMBio 2018.  [Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação dos Albatrozes e Petréis - PLANACAP 2018-2023](http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/faunabrasileira/plano-de-acao-nacional-lista/2731-plano-de-acao-nacional-para-a-conservacao-dos-albatrozes-e-petreis).  Brasilia: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - ICMBio/MMA.  17 pp. **Canada** Government of Canada 2007.  [National Plan of Action for Reducing the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries](https://dfo-mpo.gc.ca/npoa-pan/seabirds-oiseauxdemer/page06-eng.html).  Ottawa: Fisheries and Oceans Canada.  29 pp. Government of Canada 2007.  [*Plan D'action National Visant à Réduire la Capture Accidentelle d'Oiseaux de Mer par les Palangriers*](https://dfo-mpo.gc.ca/npoa-pan/seabirds-oiseauxdemer/page06-fra.html).  Ottawa: Fisheries and Oceans Canada.  32 pp. [Government of Canada] 2012.  [Canada’s Progress Report on the Implementation of Key Actions Taken Pursuant to the National Plan of Action for Reducing the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries (March 2007)](http://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.696336/publication.html).  Ottawa: Fisheries and Oceans Canada.  19 pp. [Government of Canada] 2012.  [Rapport d'étape du Canada sur la mise en oeuvre des mesures clés prises en vertu du Plan d'action national visant a réduire la capture accidentelle d'oiseaux de mer par les palangriers (mars 2007)](http://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.640453/publication.html).  Ottawa: Fisheries and Oceans Canada.  20 pp. **Chile** [Chile 2007].  [*Plan de Acción Nacional de Chile para mitigar efectos de la pesca de palangre sobre Aves Marinas (PAN-AM) (FIP 2003-21: Informe Final)*](https://www.subpesca.cl/fipa/613/articles-89028_informe_final.pdf).  Fondo Investagacion Pesquera & Universidad de Austral de Chile.  132 pp. **Chinese Taipei** Fisheries Agency 2014.  [Taiwan’s National Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Tuna Longline Fisheries](https://www.fa.gov.tw/en/Policy/content.aspx?id=13&chk=5aa236af-8280-456c-b5a3-867780b7a261).  Kaohsiung City: Fisheries Agency, Council of Agriculture.  132 pp. **European Union** European Commission 2012.  [Action Plan for Reducing Incidental Catches of Seabirds in Fishing Gears](https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_12_1222).  Brussels: European Conmmission  16 pp. **Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)*** Janzen, K., Wolfaardt, A.[C.], Barton, J., Pompert, J. & Brickle, P. 2011.  *Falkland Islands National Plan of Action for  Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries 2011-2015 an Update*.  Stanley: Falkland Islands Government.  26 pp.  [not available on-line, contact [director@fisheries.gov.fk](mailto:director@fisheries.gov.fk)]. Kuepfer, A., Crofts, S., Tierney, M., Blake, D. & Goyot, L. 2018.  [Falkland Islands National Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Trawl Fisheries, 2019 (FI NPOA-S-T-2019)](https://www.fig.gov.fk/fisheries/component/jdownloads/summary/16-seabirds-conservation/120-kuepfer-et-al-2018-npoa-s-t-2019?Itemid=101).  Stanley: Fisheries Department, Directorate of Natural Resources, Falkland Islands Government.  42 pp. **France** Government of France 2019. [Plan national d’actions pour l’albatros d’Amsterdam Diomedea amsterdamensis 2018-2027](https://biodiversite.gouv.fr/projet-pna/wp-content/uploads/PNA_albatros_amsterdam_2018-2027.pdf). Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire. 135 pp. **Indonesia** MMAF 2016.  [*National Plan of Action Seabirds Mitigation Measures in Indonesian Tuna Longline Fisheries*](https://www.iotc.org/sites/default/files/NPOA_portal/Indonesia/ID-NPOA_Seabird_Mitigation_2016_English_ver.pdf).  Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia.  30 pp. **Japan** [Fisheries Agency] 2009.  [Japan's National Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries Revised Version](http://www.fao.org/fishery/ipoa-seabirds/npoa/en). Fisheries Agency, Government of Japan.  8 pp. **Korea (Republic of)** Republic of Korea 2014.  [*National Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries*](http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/eims_search/1_dett.asp?calling=simple_s_result&lang=en&pub_id=317635).  [Sejong]: Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries.  23 pp. **New Zealand** [Fisheries New Zealand] 2020.  [*National Plan of Action - Seabirds 2020. Reducing the Incidental Mortality of Seabirds in Fisheries*](https://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/consultations/national-plan-of-action-for-seabirds-2020). Wellington: Fisheries New Zealand.  21 pp. **South Africa** [Cooper, J., Petersen, S. & Ryan, P.G.] 2008.  [*South African National Plan of Action for Reducing the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries*](http://www.fao.org/fishery/ipoa-seabirds/npoa/en).  Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism.  32 pp. **South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur)*** Varty, N., Sullivan, B. & Black, A. 2008.  [*FAO International Plan of Action-Seabirds: an Assessment for Fisheries operating in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands*](https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Birds/South%20Georgia%20IPOA-Seabirds%20Assessment.pdf).  Sandy: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.  96 pp. **United States of America** National Marine Fisheries Service 2001.  [*Final United States National Plan of Action for Reducing the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries*](https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/0201-npoa-seabirds.pdf).  Silver Spring: National Marine Fisheries Service.  126 pp. NOAA Fisheries 2014.  [*Implementation of the U.S. National Plan of Action for Reducing the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries 2014*](https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/implementation-united-states-national-plan-action-reducing-incidental-catch).  [Silver Spring: NOAA Fisheries]  20 pp. **Uruguay** Jiménez, S., Pin, O. & Domingo, A. 2015. *Plan de Acción Nacional para Reducir la Captura Incidental de Aves Marinas en las Pesquerías Uruguayas, 2015*.  In: Domingo, A., Forselledo, R. & Jiménez, S. (Eds).  [*Revisión de Planes de Acción Nacional para la Conservación de Aves Marinas y Condrictios en las Pesquerías Uruguayas, 2015*](https://www.fao.org/3/a-bt664s.pdf).  Montevideo: Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos.  pp. 11-79. ********************* **Note: ** Namibia has produced the text of a NPOA-Seabirds which awaits formal adoption.  The country has promulgated regulations to reduce the incidental by-catch of seabirds in the Namibian hake demersal trawl (No. 269) and hake demersal longline (No. 270) fisheries, published in the [*Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia*](https://laws.parliament.na/gazettes/namibia-government-gazettes.php?id=1) [No. 5877](https://laws.parliament.na/cms_documents/5877-e279c46188.pdf) of 19 November 2015. *Last updated 26 October 2020* *A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Islas Georgias del Sur y Islas Sandwich del Sur) and the surrounding maritime areas. [Lees meer...](https://acap.aq/management-plans/npoa-seabirds.md) ## Conservation plans and Red Data Books **Introduction** Attaining an improved conservation status for those species of albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters listed within the Agreement is its main aim and its reason for existence.  A common way that such efforts are directed is by way of the production of a species (or species group) document, often called an action plan, but also referred to variously as conservation, management or recovery plans. Allied to such plans are those designed to aid in habitat recovery and in eradication or control of invasive biota (feasibility studies, operational plans, etc.) at breeding sites of threatened species, as well as threat-abatement plans and national (and regional) Red Data Books and their equivalents. For international Red Data listings [click here](http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html). A list of relevant conservation plans known to have been produced by or for ACAP Parties follows. For National Plans of Action - Seabirds produced following Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) guidelines and aimed at reducing at-sea mortality from fisheries [click here](https://acap.aq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1690:npoa-seabirds&catid=28:management-plans).   For management plans for breeding localities (usually for islands or island groups) [click here](https://acap.aq/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=136&Itemid=58), and for surrounding Marine Protected Areas [click here](https://acap.aq/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=129&Itemid=28). Note only the most recent versions of plans are listed - earlier versions that have been superseded exist in some cases. Where draft plans are publicly available on web sites they are also listed, but readers should always consult and refer to the final versions once they become available. **Argentina** Rabuffetti, Fabian, Hollweck, Dieter, Di Giacomo, Adrian, Cocionier, Eugenio, & De Francesco, Virginia 2006. [Aves Marinas Globalmente Amenezades de la Argentina](http://www.avesargentinas.org.ar). Buenos Aires: Aves Argentina/BirdLife International. 58 pp. **Australia** [Australian Antarctic Division] 2006. [Threat Abatement Plan for the Incidental Catch (or Bycatch) of Seabirds during Oceanic Longline Fishing Operations](http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=35316). Kingston: Australian Antarctic Division. 30 pp. Environment Australia 2001. [Recovery Plan for Albatrosses and Giant-petrels](http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/recovery/albatross/index.html). [Canberra]: Environment Australia. 154 pp.  Garnett, Stephen T., Szabo, Judit K. & Dutson, Guy 2011.  *The Action Plan for Australian Birds*. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.  442 pp.  ISBN 9780643103689.  [www.publish.csiro.au](http://www.publish.csuro.au). Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts 2009. [*Threat abatement plan to reduce the impacts of exotic rodents on biodiversity on Australian offshore islands of less than 100 000 hectares* 24 pp. & *Background document for the threat abatement plan to reduce the impacts of exotic rodents on biodiversity on Australian offshore islands of less than 100 000 hectares*](http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/exotic-rodents.html). 36 pp. [Canberra]: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.[http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/exotic-rodents.html](http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/exotic-rodents.html) [Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts] 2008. [*Draft threat abatement plan for the impacts of marine debris on vertebrate marine life*. 12 pp. &](http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/draft-tap-marinedebris.html)*[Background paper for the draft threat abatement plan for the impacts of marine debris on vertebrate marine life](http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/draft-tap-marinedebris.html).* 44 pp. [Canberra]: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. [Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts] 2008*. [Draft threat abatement plan for Competition and land degradation by feral rabbits.](http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/draft-tap-rabbits.html)*[25 pp. & *Background document for the draft threat abatement plan for Competition and land degradation by feral rabbits*](http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/draft-tap-rabbits.html). 43 pp. [Canberra]: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Parks and Wildlife Service 2008. [Macquarie Island Pest Eradication Plan. Part A Overview March 2007](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=10516). Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Parks, Heritage & the Arts, Tasmania: Hobart. [Parks and Wildlife Service & Biodiversity Conservation Branch] 2007. [Plan for the Eradication of Rabbits and Rodents on Subantarctic Macquarie Island](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=6186). [Hobart]: Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Tourism, Arts and the Environment & Biodiversity Conservation Branch, Department of Primary Industries and Water. 30 pp. **Brazil** *[Ministério do Meio Ambiente 2003. Lista Nacional das Espécies da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinçã](http://www.mma.gov.br/port/sbf/fauna/index.cfm).*[http://www.mma.gov.br/port/sbf/fauna/index.cfm](http://www.mma.gov.br/port/sbf/fauna/index.cfm) **Ecuador** Ministerio Del Ambiente Ecuador & Parque Nacional Galápagos 2006. [*Plan de Manejo Parque Nacional Gal*á*pagos: un Pacto por la Conservaci*ó*n y Desarrollo Sustenable del Archipiélago*](http://www.galapagospark.org/archivos/PM_PNG_2005.pdf). Parque Nacional Galapagos. 348 pp. **Ecuador & Peru** Ecuador - Peru - ACAP Advisory Committee 2008. [*Plan of Action for the Waved Albatross (*Phoebastria irrorata](http://www.acap.aq/en/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=84&Itemid=33)*[)](http://www.acap.aq/en/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=84&Itemid=33).*ACAP AC4 Doc. 59 rev. 4. 30 pp. **France** Delord, K., Micol, T. & Marteau, C. (Compilers). 2011. [*National Plan of Actions for the Amsterdam albatross*Diomedea amsterdamensis](http://www.taaf.fr/Plan-National-d-Action-en-faveur-de-l-albatros-d-Amsterdam-423)*[2011-2015](http://www.taaf.fr/Plan-National-d-Action-en-faveur-de-l-albatros-d-Amsterdam-423).* 81 pp. [http://www.taaf.fr/IMG/pdf/pna-aa-engweb.pdf](http://www.taaf.fr/IMG/pdf/pna-aa-engweb.pdf) **New Zealand** [Department of Conservation] 2001.[Recovery Plan for Albatrosses in the Chatham Islands. Chatham Island Mollymawk, Northern Royal Albatross, Pacific Mollymawk 2001-2011](http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSRPci.pdf). Threatened Species Recovery Plan No. 42. 23 pp. In: Aikman, Hilary, Davis, Alison, Miskelly, Colin, O'Connor, Shaun & Taylor, Graeme 2001. Chatham Islands Threatened Birds Recovery and Management Plans. Wellington: Department of Conservation.  ISBN 0-478-22064-2. Taylor, Graeme A. 2000*. [Action Plan for Seabird Conservation in New Zealand. Part A: Threatened Seabirds](http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSOP16.pdf)*. Threatened Species Occasional Publication No. 16. Wellington: Department of Conservation. 233 pp. ISBN 0-478-21921-5. **South Africa** Taylor, Martin R., Peacock, Fransie & Wanless, Ross, M. (Eds) 2015.  [The 2015 Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland](http://www.birdlife.org.za/publications/red-data-book-of-birds).  Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa. 464 pp. ISBN 978-0-620-68259-6. **Spain** BirdLife International 2002.  [*Action Plan for the Balearic Shearwater (*Puffinus mauretanicus*) in Europe*](http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/puffinus_puffinus_mauretanicus.pdf).  Strasbourg: Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats T-PVS/Inf (2002) 6. 15 pp. Consejería De Medio Ambiente 2004. Decreto 65/2004, de 2 de julio, por el cual se aprueba el Plan de Recuperación de la Pardela balear, *Puffinus* spss, en las Illes Balears. Anexo. Plan de Recuperación de la Pardela balear *Puffinus*spss en las Illes Balears. [*Boletín Oficial de las Islas Baleares*No. 97: 79-80](http://boib.caib.es/pdf/2004097/mp78.pdf). Grupo De Trabajo de la Pardela Balear 2005. *Estrategia para la Conservación de la Pardela Balear (*Puffinus mauretanicus*) en España*. Comisión Nacional de Protección de la Naturaleza. 14 pp. **United Kingdom** Brown, Derek 2007. [A Feasibility Study for the Eradication of Rodents from Tristan da Cunha](http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/tristan%20da%20cunha%20rodent%20eradication_feasibiilty_tcm9-180955.pdf). Sandy: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 36 pp. Brown, Derek 2007. [Preliminary Operational Plan for the Eradication of Rodents from Tristan da Cunha](http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/operationalplan_tcm9-180962.pdf). Sandy: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 115 pp. Parkes, J. 2008. [A Feasibility Study for the Eradication of House Mice from Gough Island](http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/goughisland_tcm9-220539.pdf). RSPB Research Report No. 34. Sandy: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 51 pp. ISBN 978-1-905601-17-2. Torr, N., Golding, C. & Cuthbert, R.[J.] 2010. *[Preliminary Operational Plan for Eradicating House Mice from Gough Island](http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/Gough_Island_Draft_Operational_Plan_Version_small_tcm9-280664.pdf). Version 1.0*. Sandy: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 73 pp. Tristan Island Government 2006. *[Tristan da Cunha Biodiversity Action Plan (2006-2010)](http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/TristanBiodiversityActionPlan2_tcm9-180968.pdf).* [Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, Tristan da Cunha: Government of Tristan da Cunha]. 53 pp. + nine annexes. Wolfaardt, A.C, Glass, J. & Glass, T. 2009.  *Tristan da Cunha Implementation Plan for the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP): Review of Current Work and a Prioritised Work Programme for the Future*.  Edinburgh, Tristan da Cunha: Tristan da Cunha Government. 46 pp. **Disputed Territories** **South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Islas Georgias del Sur y Islas Sandwich del Sur)*** **C**hristie, Darren 2010.  [Reindeer on South Georgia, Literature Review and Discussion of Management Options](http://www.sgisland.gs/download/South%20Georgia%20Reindeer%20Management.pdf).  [Stanley, Falkland Islands: Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands].  104 pp.  [http://www.sgisland.gs/download/South%20Georgia%20Reindeer%20Management.pdf](http://www.sgisland.gs/download/South%20Georgia%20Reindeer%20Management.pdf) Poncet, S., McFadden, I. & Cox, A. 2002. [Rat Eradication South Georgia: an assessment of the feasibility of eradicating Norway Rats from South Georgia Island](http://www.southgeorgiasurveys.org/?%20Publications). Invercargill: Department of Conservation. 16 pp. South Georgia Heritage Trust 2012.  [Operational Plan for the Eradication of Rodents from South Georgia: Phase 2.  Seventh Draft - 20 Nov 2012](http://www.sght.org/newsletters-and-publications).  60 pp. [+ allied documents][http://www.sght.org/newsletters-and-publications](http://www.sght.org/newsletters-and-publications) Wolfaardt, Anton & Christie, Darren 2010.  [Guidelines for the Implementation of the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) at South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.  November 2010](http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28g%29Environment_Documents).  Stanley, Falkland Islands: Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.  51 pp. *A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Islas Georgias del Sur y Islas Sandwich del Sur) and the surrounding maritime areas. *Last updated 05 November 2020* [Lees meer...](https://acap.aq/management-plans/conservation-plans-and-red-data-books.md) ## UPDATED World Heritage Sites supporting ACAP-listed species **Introduction** "Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. Places as unique and diverse as the wilds of East Africa's Serengeti, the Pyramids of Egypt, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Baroque cathedrals of Latin America make up our world's heritage". To the places mentioned in the [above quote](https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/) may be added many of the places where ACAP-listed albatrosses and petrels breed. A [number of such sites](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/) has been registered with the [World Heritage Convention](http://whc.unesco.org), bringing an international status and stature to them. A list of such UNESCO World Heritage sites and their breeding ACAP species follows, in order of ACAP Party. Eleven World Heritage Sites belonging to eight countries (five of which are Parties to ACAP) in total support breeding populations of 25 of the 31 ACAP-listed species.  Tentative sites are also listed. ![](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Islands/Antipodes_Island_Erica_Sommer_1.jpg)  *Antipodes Island, part of the [New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands World Heritage Site](https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=877), photograph by Erica Sommer* **Australia** [Heard and McDonald Islands](https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=577) The [Heard and McDonald Islands](https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=577) were Inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1997.  [Heard Island](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1351-acap-breeding-sites-no-21-heard-island-the-only-sub-antarctic-island-with-an-active-volcano) covers approximately 36 800 ha, the [McDonald Islands](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1486-acap-breeding-sites-no-43-mcdonald-islands-australia-s-least-known-and-visited-sub-antarctic-locality) 1800 ha, and the territory nominated as a World Heritage Site includes adjacent offshore rocks and shoals. The area includes all territorial waters to a distance of 12 nautical miles. Breeding ACAP species are Black-browed Albatross *Thalassarche melanophris*, Light-mantled Sooty Albatross *Phoebetria palpebrata* and Southern Giant Petrel *Macronectes giganteus*. The Wandering Albatross *Diomedea exulan*s (a single pair) has bred in the past. [Macquarie Island](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/629) [Macquarie Island](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/629) was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1997. Comprises [Macquarie Island](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1347-breeding-sites-no-19-macquarie-island-a-recovering-sub-antarctic-world-heritage-site), [Bishop and Clerk Islets](https://www.acap.aq/latest-news/1684-acap-breeding-site-no-66-bishop-and-clerk-islets-australia-s-southernmost-black-browed-albatross-colony), Judge and Clerk Islets and surrounding waters to a distance of 12 nautical miles. There are seven ACAP-listed breeding species: Wandering Albatross, Black-browed Albatross, Grey-headed Albatross *T. chrysostoma*, Light-mantled Sooty Albatross, Southern Giant Petrel, Northern Giant Petrel *M. halli* and Grey Petrel *Procellaria cinerea*. [Tasmanian Wilderness](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/181/) The [Tasmanian Wilderness](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/181/) was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1982.  The site includes the offshore islets of [Mewstone](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1378-acap-breeding-sites-no-28-mewstone-where-shy-albatrosses-get-vertical)and [Pedra Branca](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1382-acap-breeding-sites-no-29-pedra-branca-where-shy-albatrosses-compete-for-space-with-australasian-gannets) that support two of the three breeding populations of the Australian endemic Shy Albatross *T. cauta*. **Ecuador** **[Galápagos Islands](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1)** The [Galápagos Islands](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1) were inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978 and extended in 2001.  Placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2007 until 2010.  Includes the island of [Española](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1353-acap-breeding-sites-no-22-isla-espanola-galapagos-islands-home-of-the-waved-albatross), breeding locality of the Waved Albatross *Phoebastria irrorata*, endemic to Ecuador.  A 40-nautical mile marine reserve surrounds the archipelago. **France** [French Austral Lands and Seas](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1603#:~:text=The%20French%20Austral%20Lands%20and%20Seas%20comprise%20the,Islands%20as%20well%20as%2060%20small%20sub-Antarctic%20islands.) The islands of [Amsterdam](https://www.acap.aq/en/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1429-acap-breeding-sites-no-37-ileamsterdam-only-home-of-the-amsterdam-albatross?highlight=WyJhbXN0ZXJkYW0iLCJhbXN0ZXJkYW0ncyIsImZyYW5jZSIsImZyYW5jZSdzIiwibm8iLCInbm8iLCJhbXN0ZXJkYW0gZnJhbmNlIl0=), [Crozets](https://www.acap.aq/en/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1582-acap-breeding-site-no-53-ile-de-la-possession-iles-crozet-home-of-l-albatros-hurleur?highlight=WyJwb3NzZXNzaW9uIiwibm8iLCInbm8iXQ==), [Kerguelen](https://www.acap.aq/en/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1435-acap-breeding-site-no-39-iles-kerguelen-300-islands-supporting-10-acap-species?highlight=WyJrZXJndWVsZW4iLCJrZXJndWVsZW4ncyIsIm5vIiwiJ25vIl0=) and [Saint-Paul](https://www.acap.aq/en/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1430-acap-breeding-site-no-38-ilesaint-paul-with-its-spectacular-flooded-crater?highlight=WyJrZXJndWVsZW4iLCJrZXJndWVsZW4ncyIsIm5vIiwiJ25vIl0=) that are part of [Terres australes et antarctiques françaises](https://taaf.fr/en/) became a World Heritage Site entitled [French Austral Lands and Seas](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1603#:~:text=The%20French%20Austral%20Lands%20and%20Seas%20comprise%20the,Islands%20as%20well%20as%2060%20small%20sub-Antarctic%20islands.) in 2019.  ACAP-listed species that breed within the site include the Amsterdam Albatross *Diomedea amsterdamensis*, endemic to Amsterdam Island, as well as the Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross *Thalassarche carteri*.  Also a [Ramsar Wetland of International Importance](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1837). **Japan** [Ogasawara Islands](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1362) The [Ogasawara Islands](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1362) were inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2011. The site consists of 30 islands clustered in three groups with an area of 7939 ha.  Black-footed *Phoebastria nigripes*, Laysan *P. immutabilis*and Short-tailed**P. albatrus**Albatrosses breed in the Mukojima Group, including on [Nakodojima](https://www.acap.aq/latest-news/1786-acap-breeding-site-no-72-nakodojima-island-where-black-footed-and-now-short-tailed-albatrosses-breed).  A translocated colony of Short-tailed Albatrosses is being established on [Mukojima Island.](https://www.acap.aq/latest-news/3640-acap-breeding-site-no-93-mukojima-ogasawara-islands-a-short-tailed-albatross-translocation-site) [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1362](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1362)**Mexico** [Archipiélago de Revillagigedo](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1510-003) The [Archipiélago de Revillagigedo](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1510-003) was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2016.  Reserva de la Biosfera Archipiélago de Revillagigedo (established in 1994) was designated as a [Ramsar Wetland Site of International Importance](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1357) in 2004.  Laysan Albatrosses breed on the islands of [San Benedicto](https://www.acap.aq/latest-news/1648-acap-breeding-site-no-62-san-benedicto-island-mexico-has-a-small-growing-population-of-laysan-albatrosses)and [Clarión](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1310-acap-breeding-sites-no-6-clarion-island-revillagigedo-archipelago-mexico-where-snakes-prey-upon-albatrosses). A Black-footed Albatross laid an egg on Isla San Benedicto in 2000.  **New Zealand** **[New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands](https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=877)** Inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1998. The [New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands](https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=877) World Heritage Site includes five island groups ([Antipodes](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1358-acap-breeding-sites-no-23-antipodes-island-new-zealand-supports-seven-acap-listed-albatross-and-petrel-species), [Auckland](https://www.acap.aq/latest-news/2358-acap-breeding-site-no-81-auckland-island-where-albatrosses-are-at-risk-to-feral-pigs), [Bounty](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1208-acap-breeding-sites-no-1-the-bounty-islands-of-new-zealand), [Campbell](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1326-acap-breeding-sites-no-12-campbell-island-new-zealand-supports-nine-acap-listed-albatrosses-and-petrels) and [Snares](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1336-acap-breeding-sites-no-15-snares-islands-new-zealand-home-of-buller-s-and-salvin-s-albatrosses)), including their 12-nautical mile territorial seas. A total of 12 ACAP-listed species breeds within the World Heritage Site: Antipodes Albatross *D. antipodensis* (and its subspecies Gibson's Albatross *D. a. gibsoni*), Southern Royal Albatross *D. epomophora*, Black-browed Albatross, Campbell Albatross *T. impavida*, Grey-headed Albatross, Salvin's Albatross *T. salvini*, White-capped Albatross *T. steadi*, Buller's Albatross *T. bulleri*, Light-mantled Sooty Albatross, Northern Giant Petrel, White-chinned Petrel *Procellaria aequinoctialis* and Grey Petrel. [Te Wāhipounamu - South West New Zealand](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/551) The two [Solander Islands](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1471-acap-breeding-sites-no-41-solander-islands-fiordland-national-park-new-zealand) are included within the [Fiordland National Park](https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/fiordland/places/fiordland-national-park/) which falls within the [Te Wāhipounamu - South West New Zealand](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/551/) World Heritage Site inscribed in 1990.  One ACAP-listed species breeds on the Solanders, the Southern Buller’s Albatross *Thalassarche b. bulleri*. **United Kingdom** [Gough and Inaccessible Islands](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/740/) The [Gough and Inaccessible Islands](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/740/)was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1995 ([Gough Island](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1322-acap-breeding-sites-no-11-gough-island-south-atlantic-hanging-on-against-the-onslaught-of-its-killer-mice)) and then extended to include [Inaccessible Island](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1294-acap-breeding-sites-no-2-inaccessible-island-tristan-da-cunha-group) in 2004. The extended site includes both islands and their territorial waters out to 12 nautical miles.  ACAP species breeding are Tristan Albatross *D. dabbenena* (endemic to the World Heritage Site), Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross *T. chlororhynchos*, Sooty Albatross *Phoebetria fusca*, Southern Giant Petrel, Grey Petrel and Spectacled Petrel *Procellaria conspicillata* (endemic to the World Heritage Site).  [Gough](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1868) and [Inaccessible](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1869) along with their territorial waters are also individual  Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance. **United States of America** **[Papahānaumokuākea](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1326)** The[Papahānaumokuākea](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1326) Marine National Monument was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2010.  Black-footed and Laysan Albatrosses breed on eight island groups, including [Kure](https://www.acap.aq/latest-news/1801-acap-breeding-site-no-73-kure-world-s-most-northerly-coral-atoll-supports-black-footed-and-laysan-albatrosses), [Midway ](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1434-acap-breeding-site-no-36-midway-atoll-black-footed-laysan-and-short-tailed-albatrosses-within-a-world-heritage-site)and [Laysan](https://www.acap.aq/latest-news/1715-acap-breeding-site-no-68-laysan-island-and-its-albatrosses-form-part-of-usa-s-papahanaumokuakea-marine-national-monument)  Atolls, French Frigate Shoals, Lisianski Island and Pearl and Hermes Atoll in the North-western Hawaiian Islands. Three pairs of of Short-tailed Albatrosses have bred on Kure and Midway Atolls. **Tentative sites** Before a potential site may be considered for World Heritage status, a country is required to place it on its tentative list.  A number of breeding sites of ACAP-listed species has been so listed by five countries, two of which (Norway and South Africa) are parties to ACAP, as listed below with the year of placement on the tentative list. **Norway: ** [Bouvet Island](https://www.acap.aq/latest-news/2097-acap-breeding-site-no-79-bouvetoya-the-world-s-most-remote-island-once-supported-breeding-southern-giant-petrels), submitted 2007 as part of "[Islands of Jan Mayen and Bouvet as parts of a serial transnational nomination of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge system](http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5162/)".  Southern Giant Petrels have been recorded breeding in the past but may no longer do so due to loss of suitable habitat to marine erosion. **South Africa:** [Marion](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1371-acap-breeding-sites-no-27-sub-antarctic-marion-island-a-research-laboratory-for-albatrosses-and-petrels) and [Prince Edward](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1366-acap-breeding-sites-no-26-prince-edward-south-africa-s-alien-mammal-free-sub-antarctic-island) Islands were submitted in 2009, but were later withdrawn. *Last updated 26 October 2020* [Lees meer...](https://acap.aq/management-plans/an-inventory-of-world-heritage-sites-supporting-acap-species.md) ## UPDATED Ramsar Sites supporting breeding populations of ACAP-listed species **Introduction** The [Convention on Wetlands](https://www.ramsar.org/), signed in Ramsar, Iran in 1971 and entered into force in 1976 is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.  There are currently 171 Contracting Parties to the Convention, with 2409 wetland sites totalling over  254 million hectares inscribed on the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance. A listing and brief descriptions of Ramsar sites supporting breeding populations of ACAP-listed species follows. ![Prince Edward Islands satellite](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Islands/Prince_Edward_Islands_satellite.jpg) *Satellite photograph of the Prince Edward Islands; Ramsar Site No. 1104* **Ecuador** [Zona Marina Parque Nacional Machalilla](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/503) Ramsar Site No. 503; 14 430 ha; Date of Inscrption: 07 September 1990. "A complex of shallow coastal waters, sandy beaches and off-shore islands [including[Isla La Plata](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1362-acap-breeding-sites-no-25-la-plata-ecuador-a-poor-person-s-galapagos-for-waved-albatrosses)] fringed by coral reefs. The site includes the mouths of several seasonal rivers and streams and remnant dry tropical forest. Archaeologically interesting with evidence of civilizations dating from 3,000 B.C. to 1526 A.D. The area supports an important fishery, provides habitat for a breeding colony of seabirds, and nesting beaches for marine turtles. Human activities include subsistence agriculture, livestock raising, and tree harvesting for firewood and charcoal." ACAP-listed species breeding: Waved Albatross (1) **France** [Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres Australes Françaises](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1837) Ramsar Site No. 1837; 2 270 000 ha; Date of Inscription: 15 September 2008; also a [World Heritage Site](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1603#:~:text=The%20French%20Austral%20Lands%20and%20Seas%20comprise%20the,Islands%20as%20well%20as%2060%20small%20sub-Antarctic%20islands.). "The Site is located in the southern Indian Ocean and consists of two sub-Antarctic archipelagos – [Crozet](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1582-acap-breeding-site-no-53-ile-de-la-possession-iles-crozet-home-of-l-albatros-hurleur) and [Kerguelen](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1435-acap-breeding-site-no-39-iles-kerguelen-300-islands-supporting-10-acap-species) – and the subtropical islands of [Amsterdam](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1429-acap-breeding-sites-no-37-ileamsterdam-only-home-of-the-amsterdam-albatross) and [Saint-Paul](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1430-acap-breeding-site-no-38-ilesaint-paul-with-its-spectacular-flooded-crater). The islands are widely separated by open sea, so the centre coordinate given is purely notional. The Site includes a great variety of inland and coastal wetland types such as peatlands, marshes and lakes, rocky shores, estuaries and fjords. It supports many endemic species including the globally vulnerable Eaton’s Pintail *Anas eatoni* and Crozet Pintail *Anas eatoni drygalskii, *and the Critically Endangered Amsterdam Albatross *Diomedea amsterdamensis.*The islands represent an important refuge and reproduction ground for millions of migratory birds. Many marine mammals such as the Southern Sea Elephant *Mirounga leonina* and the Antarctic [Fur] Seal *Arctocephalus tropicalis* are also well represented. The major threat is related to the introduction of non-native species such as cats and rats that are leading to the population decline of many bird species. Climate change is also affecting the ecological character of the Site". ACAP-listed species breeding: Amsterdam Albatross, Wandering Albatross, Black-browed Albatross, Grey-headed Albatross, Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross, Salvin's Albatross, Sooty Albatross, Light-mantled Sooty Albatross, Northern Giant Petrel, Southern Giant Petrel, White-chinned Petrel, Grey Petrel (12) **Mexico** [Reserva de la Biosfera Archipiélago de Revillagigedo](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1357) Ramsar Site No. 1357; 636 685 ha; Date of Inscription: 02 February 2004; also a [World Heritage Site](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1510-003). "Nearly 400 km offshore in the Pacific Ocean, this volcanic archipelago is home to a unique set of endemic flora and fauna as well as well-preserved terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Isla Socorro is the largest island, with the Evermann volcano peaking at 1050 m, followed by [Clarión](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1310-acap-breeding-sites-no-6-clarion-island-revillagigedo-archipelago-mexico-where-snakes-prey-upon-albatrosses), [San Benedicto](https://www.acap.aq/latest-news/1648-acap-breeding-site-no-62-san-benedicto-island-mexico-has-a-small-growing-population-of-laysan-albatrosses) and Roca Partida Islands. Socorro presents an interesting array of vegetation following the altitudinal gradient, featuring coastal halophytes, shrubs of *Dodonaea viscosa*, *Guettarda insularis*, *Croton masonii*; forests of Figs *Ficus cotinifolia*, *Bumelia socorroensis* and *Psidium galapageium*. Ten endemic species and subspecies of birds have been recorded in Socorro; however, three of them, including the Soccorro Dove *Zenaida graysoni* are considered extinct in the wild (there are plans of reintroduction with several captive individuals in Germany). The site is well preserved and uninhabited, apart from some navy officers. Diving and fishing groups visit the islands regularly. Volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and fires pose risks to the islands' wildlife, but invasive species remain the main threat. The Federal Government funds a group of technicians to eradicate introduced sheep, pigs and rabbits. A management plan is in place. " ACAP-listed species breeding: Laysan Albatross, Black-footed Albatross (2) **South Africa** [Prince Edward Islands](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1688) Ramsar Site No. 1688; 37 500 ha; Date of Inscription: 22 May 2007. "Includes the larger [Marion Island](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1371-acap-breeding-sites-no-27-sub-antarctic-marion-island-a-research-laboratory-for-albatrosses-and-petrels) and the smaller [Prince Edward Island](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1366-acap-breeding-sites-no-26-prince-edward-south-africa-s-alien-mammal-free-sub-antarctic-island), which are classified as sub-Antarctic and are of volcanic origin. They are protected natural habitats and do not support any consumptive or exploitative activities. The three main terrestrial habitats are unvegetated uplands, well-drained vegetated slopes, and poorly-drained vegetated coastal plains. Significant wetland formations include non-forested peat lands (swamps and bogs), intermittent streams, waterfalls, freshwater ponds, crater lakes, rocky marine shores, kelp beds, sea cliffs and sand shores. The islands host numerous breeding seabirds like the Vulnerable Wandering Albatrosses (*Diomedea exulans*) and White-chinned Petrel (*Procellaria aequinoctialis*) and the Endangered Sooty Albatross (*Phoebetria fusca*) and [Indian] Yellow-nosed Albatross (*Thalassarche carteri*). Three penguin species breed and moult on the rocky areas around the coastline; the King Penguin (*Aptenodytes patagonicus*), Macaroni Penguin (*Eudyptes chrysolophus*) and Eastern Rockhopper Penguin (*E. c. filholi*). Commercial tourism and fishing within territorial waters are prohibited. The principal activities on these islands since their annexation by South Africa in 1947 and 1948 include meteorological observations, scientific research, logistic support for research and conservation and management activities. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing for Patagonian Toothfish in the surrounding waters caused reduction in fish stock and high levels of incidental mortality of seabirds. This has declined in recent years, however." ACAP-listed species breeding: Wandering Albatross, Grey-headed Albatross, Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross, Sooty Albatross, Light-mantled Sooty Albatross, Northern Giant Petrel, Southern Giant Petrel, White-chinned Petrel, Grey Petrel (9) **Spain** [Salinas de Ibiza y Formentara](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/641) Ramsar Site No. 641; 1640 ha; Date of Inscription: 30 November 1993. "The site consists of various Mediterranean habitats including islands, coastal lagoons, and a complex of salt pans. Vegetation consists of halophytic communities and Juniperus scrub. The area is important to various species of nesting and migratory waterbirds." ACAP-listed species breeding: Balearic Shearwater (1) **United Kingdom (Overseas Territory of St Helena, Ascenson and Tristan da Cunha)** [Gough Island](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1868) Ramsar Site No. 1868; 229 811 ha; Date of Designation: 20 November 2008; also part of a [World Heritage Site](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/740/). "The site includes [Gough Island](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1322-acap-breeding-sites-no-11-gough-island-south-atlantic-hanging-on-against-the-onslaught-of-its-killer-mice) and surrounding territorial waters. Gough Island is one of the largest relatively unmodified cool temperate island ecosystems in the southern hemisphere. Important wetland types include non-forested peatlands, permanent freshwater pools, permanent streams, marine subtidal aquatic beds and rocky marine shores. The island is a strong contender for the title of the most important seabird colony in the world – a total of 22 bird species and two species of seals breed, some in very large numbers. Several bird species that breed on Gough are considered globally threatened (e.g., Sooty Albatross, Northern Rockhopper Penguin), and some are endemic to the island group (e.g., Gough Moorhen, Gough Bunting, Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross). A South African meteorological station is currently operated on the island; other human activities include research, commercial fishery for Tristan Rock Lobster *Jasus tristan**i* in Gough territorial waters, and limited recreational fishing under license." ACAP-listed species breeding: Tristan Albatross, Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross, Sooty Albatross, Southern Giant Petrel, Grey Petrel (5) [Inaccessible Island](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1869) Ramsar Site No. 1869; 126 524 ha; Date of Designation: 20 November 2008; also part of a [World Heritage Site](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/740/). "The site includes [Inaccessible Island](https://www.acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1294-acap-breeding-sites-no-2-inaccessible-island-tristan-da-cunha-group) and surrounding territorial waters. Inaccessible Island is a near-pristine cool temperate island of volcanic origin. A total of 24 species of seabirds and land birds as well as the Subantarctic Fur Seal *Arctocephalus tropicalis* breed, some in very large numbers. Non-forested peatlands and rocky marine shores are critical to the survival of the breeding populations of Tristan Albatross (relict population of 2-3 pairs) and Spectacled Petrel (island endemic), and Northern Rockhopper Penguin and Sooty Albatross, respectively, all of which are globally threatened. Other important wetland types include permanent freshwater pools, permanent streams and marine subtital aquatic beds. There is no permanent human population – from time to time small numbers of researchers and conservation management teams visit the island. Commercial fishery for Tristan Rock Lobster and limited recreational fishing under license take place in Inaccessible’s territorial waters." ACAP-listed species breeding: Tristan Albatross, Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross, Sooty Albatross, Spectacled Petrel (4) **Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)*** [Sea Lion Island](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1104) Ramsar Site No. 1104; 1000 ha; Date of Inscription: 24 September 2001. "An isolated island 17 km off the southern tip of East Falkland, Ramsar's second southernmost site, notable as an important breeding site for Southern Sea Lion *Otaria byronia* and Southern Elephant Seal *Mirounga leonina*. Despite a history of sheep ranching, the extent and condition of stands of Tussac Grass *Paradiochloa flabellata* are particularly good. Shallow marine waters, seagrass beds, both rocky and sandy shores, brackish lagoons, freshwater pools, and peat bogs are all present within the site. Vulnerable and Endangered birds such as Cobb's Wren *Troglodytes cobbi* and Ruddy-headed Goose *Chloephaga rubidiceps* are supported, and a number of endemic bird species breed there, as do Gentoo, Rockhopper, and Magellanic Penguins *Spheniscus magellanicus* and Southern Giant Petrels. A lodge with 15 beds is available for wildlife tourists, and a small number of tourists make day visits by boat and helicopter, causing no disturbance." ACAP-listed species breeding: Southern Giant Petrel (1) ************************************** **Note: **Australia has earlier identified Macquarie Island and Heard & McDonald Islands as potential Ramsar sites ([click here](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/06/03/1122039.htm)), but apparently has decided not to progress their designations. *A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Islas Georgias del Sur y Islas Sandwich del Sur) and the surrounding maritime areas. *Last updated 27 October 2020* [Lees meer...](https://acap.aq/management-plans/an-inventory-of-ramsar-sites-supporting-breeding-populations-of-acap-listed-species.md) ## Management plans for breeding sites of ACAP species **Introduction** A listing of current management plans for breeding sites of ACAP-listed species by country is given.  For several sites earlier management plans have been included.  Existing plans in draft or final form but not yet published by their respective authorities are also listed where known. Please send details of further management plans covering breeding localities of ACAP species to [secretariat@acap.aq](mailto:secretariat@acap.aq).  ![Albatross Island Shy Albatross Rachael Alderman](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Birds/Albatrosses/S/Shy/Albatross_Island_Shy_Albatross_Rachael_Alderman.png) * Breeding Shy Albatrosses*Thalassarche cauta on *Australia's Albatross Island**, photograph by Rachael Alderman* **Australia** **Albatross Island** Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment 2000. *Small Bass Straits Island Reserves Draft Management Plan*. Hobart: Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment. 33 pp. + maps. [http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6388](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6388)[http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6388](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6388). **Heard and McDonald Islands** Australian Antarctic Division 2005. *Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan*. Kingston: Australian Antarctic Division. 198 pp. ISBN 1 876 93408 5. [http://www.heardisland.aq/protection/management_plan/index.html](http://www.heardisland.aq/protection/management_plan/index.html)[http://www.heardisland.aq/protection/management_plan/index.html](http://www.heardisland.aq/protection/management_plan/index.html). Commonwealth of Australia 2014.  *Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan 2014-2024*.  Canberra: Department of the Environment.  131 pp.  [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2014L01346/Download](http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2014L01346/Download) **Macquarie Island** Frost, Leslie 2006. *Macquarie Island Nature Reserve and World Heritage Area Management Plan 2006*. Hobart: Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Tourism, Arts and the Environment. 176 pp. + 15 maps. ISBN 0 72 4660405 X.  [http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=6182](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=6182)[http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=6182](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=6182) and [http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6609](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6609)[http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6609](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6609). **Mewstone and Pedra Branca** Parks and Wildlife Service 1999. *Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Management Plan, 1999*.  Hobart: Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment. 213 pp. + maps. ISBN 0 7246 2058 3. [http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6364](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6364)[http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6364](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6364). See also [http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=6158](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=6158)[http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=6158](http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=6158). **France** **Amsterdam, Crozet, Kerguelen, Saint Paul Islands** TAAF 2010.  *Plan de gestion 2011 - 2015 Réserve naturelle des Terres australes françaises*.  Saint Pierre, La Réunion: Terres australes et antarctiques françaises.  35 pp. [http://www.taaf.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/planrnn.pdf](http://www.taaf.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/planrnn.pdf)[http://www.taaf.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/planrnn.pdf](http://www.taaf.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/planrnn.pdf) **Japan** **Ogasawara Islands** Ministry of the Environment 2009. *Management Plan for the Ogasawara Islands World Natural Heritage Nominated Site (Draft)*. Tokyo: Ministry of the Environment. 31 pp. [in Japanese].  [http://www.env.go.jp/press/file_view.php?serial=13969&hou_id=11386](http://www.env.go.jp/press/file_view.php?serial=13969&hou_id=11386) .  See also [http://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/headline.php?serial=1080](http://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/headline.php?serial=1080). **Mexico** **Clarión and San Benedicto Islands, Revillagigedo Archipelago** Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas 2004. *Programa de Conservación y Manejo Reserva de La Biosfera Archipiélago de Revillagigedo*. Tlalpan: Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas. 220 pp. [http://www.conanp.gob.mx/anp/programas_manejo/revillagigedo.pdf](http://www.conanp.gob.mx/anp/programas_manejo/revillagigedo.pdf)[http://www.conanp.gob.mx/anp/programas_manejo/revillagigedo.pdf](http://www.conanp.gob.mx/anp/programas_manejo/revillagigedo.pdf). **New Zealand** **Antipodes, Auckland, Bounty, Campbell and Snares Islands** Department of Conservation 1998. *Conservation Management Strategy Subantarctic Islands 1998-2008*. Southland Conservancy Conservation Management Planning Series No. 10. Wellington: Department of Conservation. 113 pp. ISBN 0-478-21879-6. **Chatham Islands** Department of Conservation. 1999. *Chatham Island Conservation Management Strategy*, Wellington: Department of Conservation. **Taiaroa Head** The Korako Karetai Trust, Te Rūnanga o Ōtākou, Department of Conservation & the Dunedin City Council 2011. Draft Pukekura Reserves Management Plan 2011. 45 pp.  [http://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/getting-involved/consultations/current-consultations/otago/draft-pukekura-management-plan.pdf](http://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/getting-involved/consultations/current-consultations/otago/draft-pukekura-management-plan.pdf) **South Africa** **Prince Edward Islands** Prince Edward Islands Management Plan Working Group 1996*. Prince Edward Islands Management Plan*. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism. 64 pp. ISBN 0-621-017584-6. DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology 2010 [2014].  *[Prince Edward Islands Management Plan Version 0.2](http://www.sanap.ac.za/sanap_ems/docs/marion_ems/PEIMP-Final%20web%20without%20sign/Prince%20Edward%20Islands%20Management%20Plan%20-%20PEIMP_v0_2.pdf)*.  [Department of Environmental Affairs].  202 pp. **United Kingdom Overseas Territory of St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha** **Gough Island** Cooper, John & Ryan, Peter G. 1994. *Management Plan for the Gough Island Wildlife Reserve*. Edinburgh, Tristan da Cunha: Government of Tristan da Cunha. 96 pp.  ISBN 0 9 03359 38 3. **Inaccessible Island** RSPB & Tristan Conservation Department 2010.  *Gough and Inaccessible Islands World Heritage Site Management Plan April 2010 – March 2015*.  [Sandy: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds & Edinburgh, Tristan da Cunha: Tristan da Cunha Government].  32 pp. [+ appendices].  [http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/Gough_Inaccessible_MP_tcm9-273306.pdf](http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/Gough_Inaccessible_MP_tcm9-273306.pdf). Ryan, Peter G. & Glass, James P. 2001. Inaccessible Island Nature Reserve Management Plan. Edinburgh, Tristan da Cunha: Government of Tristan da Cunha. 65 pp. [http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/InaccMP02.pdf](http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/InaccMP02.pdf). **Tristan da Cunha Islands** Tristan da Cunha Government & RSPB 2012 [2014]. [ Biodiversity Action Plan for the Tristan da Cunha Islands (2012‐2016)](http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/tristan_BAPfinal_feb14_web_tcm9-370778.pdf).  Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: Tristan Conservation Department.  77 pp. **United States of America** **Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument** Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument 2008. *Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Management Plan*. Honolulu: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html](http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html)[http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html](http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html)[http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html](http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html) . 595 pp. [http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html](http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html)[http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html](http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html)[http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html](http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/mp.html). [http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/](http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/) **Disputed Territories** **New Island, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)*** [New Island Conservation Trust] 2007. *New Island Falkland Islands. A South Atlantic Wildlife Sanctuary for Conservation Management.*New Island Conservation Trust. 160 pp. [http://www.falklandswildlife.com/PAGES/manplan07.htm](http://www.falklandswildlife.com/PAGES/manplan07.htm)[http://www.falklandswildlife.com/PAGES/manplan07.htm](http://www.falklandswildlife.com/PAGES/manplan07.htm). **South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Islas Georgias del Sur e Islas Sandwich del Sur)*** McIntosh, Elizabeth & Walton, David W.H. 2000. *Environmental Management Plan for South Georgia*. [Cambridge]: British Antarctic Survey. 105 pp. Pasteur, Liz and Walton, David D.W. 2006. *South Georgia: Plan for Progress. Managing the Environment 2006-2010*. [Cambridge]: British Antarctic Survey. 74 pp. ISBN 1 85531 306 5. [http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(g)Plan_for_Progress?useskin=gov](http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(g)Plan_for_Progress?useskin=gov)[http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/](http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/)(g)Plan_for_Progress?useskin=gov. For Visitor Management Plans produced for eight localities at Soutg Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur)* that support breeding ACAP-listed species and are open to visits by tourists go to [http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/Main_Page](http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/Main_Page)[http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/Main_Page](http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/Main_Page) and click on "Visitors" then "Management Plan". *A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Islas Georgias del Sur y Islas Sandwich del Sur) and the surrounding maritime areas. *Last updated 10 November 2020* [Lees meer...](https://acap.aq/management-plans/a-list-of-management-plans-for-breeding-sites-of-acap-species.md) ## Marine Protected Areas surrounding breeding sites of ACAP-listed species  **UNDER UPDATING** **Introduction** The Albatross and Petrel Agreement aims to improve the protection of its 31 listed species both on land and at sea. The development and proclamation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) or their equivalents surrounding localities where ACAP-listed species breed are thus important steps in improving the conservation status of threatened albatrosses and petrels. Here follows brief details of relevant MPAs, including no-fishing zones, proclaimed or proposed by both ACAP Parties and non-Parties. Click on the links to learn more.  Send details of missing MPAs in existence or planned (preferably with links to web sites) to [secretariat@acap.aq.](mailto:secretariat@acap.aq) **![North Western Hawaiian Islands](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Posters_Books/North-Western_Hawaiian_Islands.jpg)** *Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument* **Argentina** Text to come. **Australia** **Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve** The current management plan for the Commonwealth of Australia’s *Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve* is: Commonwealth of Australia 2014.  [*Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan 2014–2024*](https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2014L01346/Explanatory%20Statement/Text).  Canberra: Department of the Environment. 99 pp. Heard Island and McDonald Islands, including their territorial waters (0–12 nautical miles) are a [World Heritage Natural Site](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/577) proclaimed in 1997.  The marine reserve covers *c*. 71 000 km2, including territorial waters and areas generally north and north-east of the Islands. **Macquarie Island Nature Reserve and World Heritage Area** The current management plan for the State of Tasmania’s *Macquarie Island Nature Reserve and World Heritage Area*is: Parks and Wildlife Service 2006. [*Macquarie Island Nature Reserve and World Heritage Area Management Plan*](https://parks.tas.gov.au/about-us/managing-our-parks-and-reserves/management-plans-reports).  Hobart: Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Tourism, Arts and the Environment. 207 pp. [Macquarie Island](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1347-breeding-sites-no-19-macquarie-island-a-recovering-sub-antarctic-world-heritage-site), including its territorial waters (0–12 nm) is a [World Heritage Natural Site](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/629.htm) proclaimed in 1997.  The management plan applies to the *Macquarie Island Nature Reserve*, which includes Macquarie Island, [Bishop and Clerk Islets](https://acap.aq/latest-news/1684-acap-breeding-site-no-66-bishop-and-clerk-islets-australia-s-southernmost-black-browed-albatross-colony), Judge and Clerk Islets and that part of the World Heritage Site that is within it (0–3 nm from the Island and Islets). **Macquarie Island Marine Park** The current management arrangements for the Commonwealth of Australia’s *Macquarie Island Marine Park* are set out in the following document: Director of National Parks 2013. [*South-east Commonwealth Marine Reserves Network Management Plan 2013-23*](https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2013L00423).  Canberra: Director of National Parks. 109 pp. This marine park was originally proclaimed in October 1999 and covers *c*.162 000 km2, generally to the south-east of Macquarie Island.  The marine park is adjacent to the *Macquarie Island Nature Reserve*, which is managed by the State of Tasmania. **Chile** Text to come **Ecuador** **Galapagos Marine Reserve** A 15-40-nautical mile [marine reserve](http://www.darwinadventure.com/galapagos-marine-reserve.htm) (*c*. 140 000 km²) surrounds the archipelago, including [Isla Española](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1353-acap-breeding-sites-no-22-isla-espanola-galapagos-islands-home-of-the-waved-albatross), breeding locality of the Waved Albatross *Phoebastria irrorata*. The marine reserve, created in 1998, forms part of a [World Heritage Natural Site](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1). **France** In September 2008 France designated the [Réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes francaises](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1837) as a a very large Ramsar Wetland Site of International Importance (2 270 000 ha) that includes marine components ("rocky shores, estuaries and fjords") at its sub-Antarctic islands in the southern Indian Ocean ([Amsterdam](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1688), [Saint Paul](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1430-acap-breeding-site-no-38-ilesaint-paul-with-its-spectacular-flooded-crater), [Crozet](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1582-acap-breeding-site-no-53-ile-de-la-possession-iles-crozet-home-of-l-albatros-hurleur) and[Kerguelen](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1435-acap-breeding-site-no-39-iles-kerguelen-300-islands-supporting-10-acap-species)). The [French Austral Lands and Seas](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1603) encompassing Amsterdam, Saint Paul, Crozets and Kerguelen is a World Heritage Natural Site inscribed in 2019 ([click here](https://acap.aq/latest-news/3343-good-news-for-albatrosses-and-petrels-france-s-sub-antarctic-islands-are-now-a-world-heritage-site?highlight=WyJmcmFuY2UiLCJmcmFuY2UncyIsIndvcmxkIiwid29ybGQncyIsIndvcmxkJyIsIndvcmxkJy5cdTIwMWQiLCInd29ybGQiLCJoZXJpdGFnZSIsIndvcmxkIGhlcml0YWdlIl0=)). **Japan** **Ogasawara National Park** The [Ogasawara National Park](https://acap.aq/Ogasawara%20National%20Park), which includes a marine component,[Ogasawara%20National%20Park](https://acap.aq/Ogasawara%20National%20Park)was proclaimed in 1972 with an area of 4630 km².  Both Black-footed *P. immutabilis* and Laysan *P. nigripes* Albatrosses breed within the island group. The [Ogasawara Islands](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1362-002) ([Mukojima](https://acap.aq/latest-news/3640-acap-breeding-site-no-93-mukojima-ogasawara-islands-a-short-tailed-albatross-translocation-site), Chichijima and Hahajima island groups plus  Kita-iwoto and Minami-iwoto of the Kazan group and the isolated Nishinoshima) were registered as a World Heritage Natural Site in June 2011.  The site totals 7939 ha, comprising a terrestrial area of 6358 ha and a marine area of 1581 ha. **Mexico** **Reserva de la Biosfera Archipiélago de Revillagigedo** The [Reserva de la Biosfera Archipiélago de Revillagigedo](https://rsis.ramsar.org/es/ris/1357?language=es)was designated a Ramsar Wetland Site of International Importance in 2004 with an area of 636 685 ha. Two islands within the reserve, [Clarión](http://www.acap.aq/index.php/en/component/content/article/14-news/latest-news/1310-acap-breeding-sites-no-6-clarion-island-revillagigedo-archipelago-mexico-where-snakes-prey-upon-albatrosses) and [San Benedicto](http://www.acap.aq/en/news/latest-news/1648-acap-breeding-site-no-62-san-benedicto-island-mexico-has-a-small-growing-population-of-laysan-albatrosses?highlight=WyJtZXhpY28iLCJtZXhpY28ncyJd), support small populations of Black-footed and Laysan Albatrosses.  The reserve, with the same area, is also a [World Heritage Natural Site](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1510/) inscribed in 2016 ([click here](https://acap.aq/news/latest-news/2537-world-heritage-status-for-mexico-s-revillagigedo-islands-will-help-protect-their-laysan-albatross-and-townsend-s-shearwater-populations?highlight=WyJtZXhpY28iLCJtZXhpY28ncyJd)).  Both sites include a marine protected area extending 12 nautical miles around each of the four islands that make up the archipelago. **New Zealand** **Antipodes Island/Moutere Mahue Marine Reserve** The [Antipodes Island/Moutere Mahue Marine Reserve](https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/southland/places/subantarctic-islands/antipodes-islands/antipodes-island-moutere-mahue-marine-reserve/), established in 2014, reaches out to 12 nautical miles (territorial waters) around the sub-Antarctic [Antipodes Island](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1358-acap-breeding-sites-no-23-antipodes-island-new-zealand-supports-seven-acap-listed-albatross-and-petrel-species). **Auckland Islands - Motu Maha Marine Reserve** The [Auckland Islands - Motu Maha Marine Reserve](https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/southland/places/subantarctic-islands/auckland-islands/auckland-islands-motu-maha-marine-reserve/), established in 2014, covers an area of about 484 000 ha out to 12 nautical miles (territorial waters) around the sub-Antarctic [Auckland Islands](https://acap.aq/latest-news/2358-acap-breeding-site-no-81-auckland-island-where-albatrosses-are-at-risk-to-feral-pigs) group, including [Adams](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1599-acap-breeding-site-no-58-adams-island-auckland-islands-home-of-the-antipodean-albatross), [Enderby](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1469-acap-breeding-sites-no-40-enderby-island-auckland-island-group) and [Disappointment](https://acap.aq/latest-news/1724-acap-breeding-site-no-69-disappointment-island-auckland-islands-home-of-the-white-capped-albatross) Islands **Bounty/Moutere Hauriri Islands Marine Reserve** The [Bounty Islands/Moutere Hauriri Marine Reserve](https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/southland/places/subantarctic-islands/bounty-islands/bounty-islands-moutere-hauriri-marine-reserve/), established in 2014, reaches out in part to 12 nautical miles (territorial waters) around the sub-Antarctic [Bounty Islands](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1208-acap-breeding-sites-no-1-the-bounty-islands-of-new-zealand). **Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku Marine Reserve** [Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku Marine Reserve](https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/southland/places/subantarctic-islands/campbell-island/campbell-island-moutere-ihupuku-marine-reserve/), established in 2014, includes 39% of waters within 12 nautical miles (territorial waters) of sub-Antarctic [Campbell Island](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1326-acap-breeding-sites-no-12-campbell-island-new-zealand-supports-nine-acap-listed-albatrosses-and-petrels) and its adjacent islets. **Punakaiki Marine Reserve** The inshore [Punakaiki Marine Reserve](https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/west-coast/places/punakaiki-marine-reserve/) extending 700-800 m out to sea covers much of the coastline of the [Paparoa National Park](https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/west-coast/places/paparoa-national-park/?tab-id=50578), and is close to the [sole breeding site](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1526-acap-breeding-sites-no-48-punakaiki-south-island-new-zealand-forest-home-of-the-westland-petrel) of the [Vulnerable](http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3924) Westland Petrel *Procellaria westlandica*. **Antipodes, Auckland, Bounty, Campbell and Snares Island Groups** The Antipodes, Auckland, Bounty, Campbell and Snares island groups, with their 0-12-nautical mile territorial waters, together form the [New Zealand sub-Antarctic Islands World Heritage Site](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/877/multiple=1&unique_number=1029), proclaimed in 1998. **South Africa** **Prince Edward Islands Special Nature Reserve** [Marion](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1371-acap-breeding-sites-no-27-sub-antarctic-marion-island-a-research-laboratory-for-albatrosses-and-petrels) and [Prince Edward](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1366-acap-breeding-sites-no-26-prince-edward-south-africa-s-alien-mammal-free-sub-antarctic-island) are together the [Prince Edward Islands Ramsar Wetland Site of International Importance](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1688) with marine boundaries extending 500 m seawards to encompass the inshore kelp beds, designated on 22 May 2007. **Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area** South Africa declared a large (180 000-km² ) [Marine Protected Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands_Marine_Protected_Area) around the Prince Edward Islands in April 2013 that includes all of the group's territorial waters (0-12 nautical miles) as a Sanctuary Area where fishing will not be allowed and parts of the Economic Exclusive Zone out to 200 nm as either Restricted (research fishing) or Controlled (commercial fishing) Areas. **Spain** Text to come **United Kingdom** **Gough Island Nature Reserve & Inaccessible Island Nature Reserve** [Gough](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1322-acap-breeding-sites-no-11-gough-island-south-atlantic-hanging-on-against-the-onslaught-of-its-killer-mice) and [Inaccessible](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1294-acap-breeding-sites-no-2-inaccessible-island-tristan-da-cunha-group) Islands, part of the [United Kingdom Overseas Territory of St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha), are both proclaimed nature reserves, were designated as separate Ramsar Wetland Sites of International Importance  ([Gough](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1868) & [Inaccessible](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1294-acap-breeding-sites-no-2-inaccessible-island-tristan-da-cunha-group)) on 20 November 2008 and together form the [Gough and Inaccessible Islands World Heritage Site](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/740/), proclaimed for Gough in 1995 and extended to include Inaccessible in 2004.  In each case, the proclaimed/designated boundaries extend out to 12 nautical miles (territorial waters), making them *de facto* Marine Protected Areas. RSPB & Tristan Conservation Department 2010.  [*Gough and Inaccessible Islands World Heritage Site Management Plan April 2010 – March 2015*](https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/conservation/projects/tristan-da-cunha-programme/).  [Sandy: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds & Edinburgh, Tristan da Cunha: Tristan da Cunha Government].  32 pp. [+ appendices]. **Tristan da Cunha Marine Protection Zone** A 687 247-km² Marine Protection Zone around the Tristan – Gough Islands in the South Atlantic was announced in November 2020 with no fishing or other extractive activities permitted within 91% of its total area (which includes sea mounts known to be seabird "hotspots", although parts of three of them will remain open for fishing)..  Enabling legislation is apparently set to follow in 2021 ([click here](https://acap.aq/latest-news/3876-a-new-large-marine-protected-area-is-declared-in-the-south-atlantic)). **United States of America** **Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument** Proclaimed in January 2009, the [Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument](https://acap.aq/Pacific%20Remote%20Islands%20Marine%20National%20Monument)[Pacific%20Remote%20Islands%20Marine%20National%20Monument](https://acap.aq/Pacific%20Remote%20Islands%20Marine%20National%20Monument)includes [Wake Atoll](https://acap.aq/latest-news/1948-acap-breeding-site-no-74-wake-atoll-at-the-edge-of-the-breeding-range-of-north-pacific-albatrosses)(where both Black-footed and Layan Albatrosses have bred in the recent past in small numbers) and its surrounding seas out to 50 nautical miles. **Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument** Proclaimed in June 2006 as the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument and renamed as the [Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument](https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/)in 2007, the monument includes eight atolls/islands which support large breeding populations of Black-footed and Laysan Albatrosses, and a couple of pairs of Short-tailed Albatrosses.  These are [Kure](https://acap.aq/latest-news/1801-acap-breeding-site-no-73-kure-world-s-most-northerly-coral-atoll-supports-black-footed-and-laysan-albatrosses), [Midway](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1434-acap-breeding-site-no-36-midway-atoll-black-footed-laysan-and-short-tailed-albatrosses-within-a-world-heritage-site), Pearl and Hermes Reef, Lisianski, [Laysan](https://acap.aq/latest-news/1715-acap-breeding-site-no-68-laysan-island-and-its-albatrosses-form-part-of-usa-s-papahanaumokuakea-marine-national-monument), French Frigate Shoals, Necker and Nihoa. Seas out to 50 nm around each island are included within the monument. **Disputed Territories** **Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)*** Sea Lion Island Ramsar Site 1000-ha [Sea Lion Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Lion_Island) (Isla de los Leones Marinos) was designated as a [Ramsar Wetland Site of International Importance](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1104) in 2001.  Southern Giant Petrels *Macronectes giganteus* breed in small numbers (25 pairs). The wetland site includes a marine component ("surrounding waters"). given as 10% of the total area. **South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Islas Georgia del Sur y Islas Sandwich del Sur)** South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area Th*e*[South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area](https://www.gov.gs/environment/marine-protected-area/), proclaimed in 2012, covers an area of 1.24 million km².  No-take zones where all fishing activity is prohibited cover 283 000 km².  A management plan is in place. Government of the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2013.  [*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area Management Plan*](https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/environment/#tab-2).  [Stanley: Government of the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands].  63 pp. *A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Islas Georgias del Sur y Islas Sandwich del Sur) and the surrounding maritime areas. *Last updated 16 December 2020* [Lees meer...](https://acap.aq/management-plans/mpa-acap.md) ## UPDATED Management plans and visitor site guidelines for Antarctic colonies of Southern Giant Petrels **Introduction** The Southern Giant Petrel *Macronectes giganteus* is one of only two ACAP-listed species that breeds on the Antarctic Continent.  The other species is the Light-mantled Albatross *Phoebastria palpebrata*,with just [one known colony](https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/52110/1/Lisovski_et_al-2009-PolBiol.pdf).  Fifteen Southern Giant Petrel breeding localities on the Continent and associated islands are protected as ASPAs (Antarctic Specially Protected Areas) and two as ASMAs (Antarctic Specially Managed Areas) in terms of the [Antarctic Treaty](https://www.ats.aq/e/antarctictreaty.html).  The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting ([ATCM](https://www.ats.aq/e/atcm.html)), acting on the advice of its Committee for Environmental Protection ([CEP](https://www.ats.aq/e/committee.html)) adopts new and updates existing management plans for ASPAs and ASMAs on an annual basis. Access the 2019 full listing of ASPAs and ASMAs with PDFs of their management plans [here](https://www.ats.aq/e/protected.html). ![4](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Birds/Petrels/S/Southern_Giant/4.jpg) *A Southern Giant Petrel with its chick at [Pointe Geologie](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1505-acap-breeding-site-no-47-pointe-geologie-terre-adelie-western-antarctica), Terre Adélie, Antarctica ([ASPA 120](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=25&lang=e)), photograph by Christophe Sauser* **Antarctic Specially Protected Areas** ASPAs supporting Southern Giant Petrel breeding colonies are: Rookery Islands, Holme Bay, Mac.Robertson Land ([ASPA 102](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=7&lang=e)) Powell Island and adjacent islands, South Orkney Islands ([ASPA 111](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=16&lang=e)) Coppermine Peninsula, Robert Island, South Shetland Islands ([ASPA 112](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=17&lang=e)) Lichfield Island, Arthur Harbour, Anvers Island, Palmer Archipelago ([ASPA 113](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=18&lang=e)) Avian Island, off Adelaide Island, Antarctic Peninsula ([ASPA 117](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=22&lang=e)) [Pointe-Geologie Archipelago](https://acap.aq/news/news-archive/60-2013-news-archive/1505-acap-breeding-site-no-47-pointe-geologie-terre-adelie-western-antarctica), Terre Adélie ([ASPA 120](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=25&lang=e)) Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands ([ASPA 126](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=31&lang=e)) Western shore of Admiralty Bay, King George Island ([ASPA 128](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=33&lang=e)) Potter Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands ([ASPA 132](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=37&lang=e)) Harmony Point, Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands ([ASPA 133](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=38&lang=e)) Cierva Point and offshore islands, Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula ([ASPA 134](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=39&lang=e)) Ardley Island, Maxwell Bay, South Shetland Islands ([ASPA 150](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=54&lang=e)) Lions Rump, King George Island, South Shetland Islands ([ASPA 151](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=55&lang=e)) Frazier Islands, Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land ([ASPA 160](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=64&lang=e)) Hawker Island, Vestfold Hills, Ingrid Christensen Coast Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica ([ASPA 167](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=71&lang=e)) Narebski Point, Barton Peninsula, King George Island ([ASPA 171](http://www.ats.aq/devPH/apa/ep_protected_detail.aspx?type=2&id=157&lang=e)) **Antarctic Specially Managed Areas** Admiralty Bay ([ASMA 1](http://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt/Att338_e.pdf)) South-west Anvers Island & Palmer Basin ([ASMA 7](http://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt/Att385_e.pdf)) **Visitor Site Guidelines** Seven  Antarctic localities visited by tourists in the Antarctic Peninsula region which support (or may support) Southern Giant Petrel colonies have [Visitor Site Guidelines](https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Ats/VisitorSiteGuidelines?lang=e) published by the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. No. 1  [Penguin Island](https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Ats/Guideline/0eb97ff0-d9bf-4fce-af56-2ea59eee7a40), King George Island, South Shetland Islands No. 2  [Barrientos Island](https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Ats/Guideline/194171b7-fa4d-440a-b73f-ceb443a9bd16) (Aitcho Islands), South Shetland Islands No. 6  [Hannah Point](https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Ats/Guideline/d84cdccc-6a2a-4fc2-81f4-841af179724c), Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands No. 11  [Turret Point](https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Ats/Guideline/d84cdccc-6a2a-4fc2-81f4-841af179724c), King George Island, South Shetland Islands No. 13  [Brown Bluff](https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Ats/Guideline/4e8ad01e-34de-45cc-b1e3-e17fe8c89f06), Antarctic Peninsula (suspected breeding only) No. 19.  [Baily Head](https://ats.aq/devAS/Ats/Guideline/B509E543-A156-4AC7-A824-C2503B2A3D85), Deception Island, South Shetland Islands (suspected breeding only) No. 31.  [Northeast beach of Ardley Island](https://ats.aq/devAS/Ats/Guideline/7B118862-1B68-4EE9-9AD2-56F2F2E454B7), South Shetland Islands (in "surroundings") **Important Breeding and Biodiversity Areas** For Southern Giant Petrel breeding colonies identified as falling within Important Breeding and Biodiversity Areas ([IBAs](https://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/programme-additional-info/important-bird-and-biodiversity-areas-ibas)) in Antarctica see Harris *et al*. (2015). **ACAP Breeding Sites** Access illustrated accounts of sixteen ACAP Breeding Sites supporting Southern Giant Petrels in Antarctica [here](https://acap.aq/resources/acap-breeding-sites). **Reference:** Harris, C.M., Lorenz, K., Fishpool, L.D.C., Lascelles, B., Cooper, J., Coria, N.R., Croxall, J.P., Emmerson, L.M., Fijn, R., Fraser, W.L., Jouventin, P., Larue, M.A., Le Maho, Y., Lynch, H.J., Naveen, R., Patterson-Fraser, D.L., Peter, H.-U., Poncet, S., Phillips, R.A., Southwell, C.J., Van Franeker, J.A., Weimerskirch, H., Wienecke, B. & Woehler, E.J. 2015. [*Important Bird Areas in Antarctica 2015*](http://www.era.gs/resources/iba/Important_Bird_Areas_in_Antarctica_2015_v5.pdf).  Cambridge: BirdLife International and Environmental Research & Assessment Ltd.  302 pp. *Last updated 08 December 2020* [Lees meer...](https://acap.aq/management-plans/mgmt-plans-sgp.md)