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title: "Who lives higher up the mountain?  Breeding sites of the Hawaiian Petrel and Newell's Shearwater differ by altitude"
---

# Who lives higher up the mountain?  Breeding sites of the Hawaiian Petrel and Newell's Shearwater differ by altitude

*![Newells Shearewater Lindsay Young](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Birds/Shearwaters/Shearwaters/Newells-Shearewater-Lindsay-Young.jpg)  
Newell’s Shearwater; photograph by Lindsay Young*

 André Raine ([Archipelago Research and Conservation](https://archipelagoresearchandconservation.com/), Hanapepe, Kaua‘I, Hawaii, USA) and colleagues have published in the journal [*Waterbirds*](https://complete.bioone.org/journals/waterbirds/scope-and-details) on nest-site aspects of the [Endangered](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/hawaiian-petrel-pterodroma-sandwichensis/details) Hawaiian Petrel *Pterodroma sandwichensis* and the [Critically Endangered](http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/newells-shearwater-puffinus-newelli) Newell's Shearwater *Puffinus newelli*on the Hawaiian island of Kauai.

 The paper’s abstract follows:

 “The nest site characteristics of two endangered seabird species – the Hawaiian Petrel *Pterodroma sandwichensis* and Newell's Shearwater *Puffinus newelli*– on Kaua‘i were considered.  Burrows of both species were predominantly found under tree roots or small caves on steep slopes and were associated with native plants, both in the canopy (particularly *Metrosideros polymorpha*) and the understory (particularly *Dicranopteris linearis*).  There were, however, marked differences between the two species.  Petrels were found at higher elevations with a shorter, patchy canopy and more open understory.  Models using microhabitat variables were better able to classify burrows than those using landscape topographic metrics, suggesting that metrics describing the immediate area around the burrow are more important to burrow selection.   A comparative model indicated that elevation and maximum vegetation height were the strongest variables in classifying between the two species.  Understanding microhabitat needs for these species is important for locating new colonies and for the successful implementation of management actions such as colony creation through social attraction.  Furthermore, wih the spread of Rapid’Ōhi’a Death canker disease *Ceratocystis huliohia* on Kaua‘i, the heavy reliance by both species on forest dominated by *M. polymorpha* (the tree killed by this disease) should be of increasing consideration for conservation efforts targeting these species.”

 *![Hawaiian Petrel chick Andre Raine](https://acap.aq/images/stories/acap/Birds/Petrels/Petrels/Hawaiian_Petrel_chick_Andre_Raine.jpg)  
A Hawaiian Petrel chick in its burrow; photograph by**André Raine*

 **Reference:**

 Raine, A.F., Driskill, S., Rothe, J. & Vynne. M. 2021.  Nest site characteristics of two endangered seabirds in montane wet forests on the island of Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i, USA.  *[Waterbirds 44: 472-482](https://bioone.org/journals/waterbirds/volume-44/issue-4/063.044.0408/Nest-Site-Characteristics-of-Two-Endangered-Seabirds-in-Montane-Wet/10.1675/063.044.0408.short?fbclid=IwAR1Em9j7uOv2Xhsgcgbmo0OR9n2hVxZdtzNIosmhXD_2v1lgbHflz69bGWk)*.

 *John Cooper, ACAP News Correspondent, 13 September 2022*